About the Authors

Daniel J. Barnett

dbarnett@jhsph.edu

Affiliations Johns Hopkins Preparedness and Emergency Response Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Roger Levine

Affiliation American Institutes for Research, San Mateo, California, United States of America

Carol B. Thompson

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Gamunu U. Wijetunge

Affiliation Office of Emergency Medical Services, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, United States Department of Transportation, Washington, D. C., United States of America

Anthony L. Oliver

Affiliations Office of Emergency Medical Services, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, United States Department of Transportation, Washington, D. C., United States of America, Association of Schools of Public Health, Washington, D. C., United States of America

Melissa A. Bentley

Affiliation National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

Patrick D. Neubert

Affiliations Office of Emergency Medical Services, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, United States Department of Transportation, Washington, D. C., United States of America, Association of Schools of Public Health, Washington, D. C., United States of America

Ronald G. Pirrallo

Affiliations Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America, Milwaukee County Emergency Medical Services, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, United States of America

Jonathan M. Links

Affiliations Johns Hopkins Preparedness and Emergency Response Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Ran D. Balicer

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: DJB RL GUW ALO MAB PDN RGP RDB. Performed the experiments: RL ALO MAB. Analyzed the data: DJB RL RDB. Wrote the paper: DJB GUW ALO MAB RDB. Edited manuscript: RL, GUW, MAB, RGP, JML. Reviewed manuscript: JML.