About the Authors

Christopher A. Mullin

camullin@psu.edu

Affiliation Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Maryann Frazier

Affiliation Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

James L. Frazier

Affiliation Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Sara Ashcraft

Affiliation Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Roger Simonds

Affiliation National Science Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Marketing Service, Gastonia, North Carolina, United States of America

Dennis vanEngelsdorp

Affiliation Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Jeffery S. Pettis

Affiliation Bee Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CAM MF JF Dv JSP. Performed the experiments: CAM MF SA RS. Analyzed the data: CAM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CAM SA RS Dv JSP. Wrote the paper: CAM MF JF.