About the Authors

Emily S. Almberg

almb0001@umn.edu

Affiliation Department of Natural Resources, Science, and Management, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

L. David Mech

Affiliations Department of Natural Resources, Science, and Management, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America, USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

Douglas W. Smith

Affiliation Yellowstone Center for Resources, Wolf Project, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, United States of America

Jennifer W. Sheldon

Affiliation Yellowstone Ecological Research Center, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America

Robert L. Crabtree

Affiliation Yellowstone Ecological Research Center, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: ESA DM DWS JWS RLC. Performed the experiments: DWS JWS RLC. Analyzed the data: ESA. Wrote the paper: ESA DM.