About the Authors

Michaela Lucas

Contributed equally to this work with: Michaela Lucas, Axel Ulsenheimer

Affiliations Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital and Murdoch University, Perth, Australia

Axel Ulsenheimer

Contributed equally to this work with: Michaela Lucas, Axel Ulsenheimer

Affiliation Medical Department II and Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany

Katja Pfafferot

Affiliation Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital and Murdoch University, Perth, Australia

Malte H.J. Heeg

Affiliation Medical Department II and Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany

Silvana Gaudieri

Affiliations Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital and Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, Centre for Forensic Science, School of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia

Norbert Grüner

Affiliation Medical Department II and Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany

Andri Rauch

Affiliations Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital and Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Berne, Switzerland

J. Tilman Gerlach

Affiliation Medical Department II and Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany

Maria-Christina Jung

Affiliation Medical Department II and Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany

Reinhart Zachoval

Affiliation Medical Department II and Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany

Gerd R. Pape

Affiliation Medical Department II and Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany

Winfried Schraut

Affiliation Medical Department II and Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany

Teresa Santantonio

Affiliation Clinica delle Malattie Infettive, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

Hans Nitschko

Affiliation Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany

Martin Obermeier

Affiliation Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany

Rodney Phillips

Affiliation Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Thomas J. Scriba

Affiliation Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Nasser Semmo

Affiliation Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Cheryl Day

Affiliation Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Jonathan N. Weber

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Imperial College, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom

Sarah Fidler

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Imperial College, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom

Robert Thimme

Affiliation Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany

Anita Haberstroh

Affiliation Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany

Thomas F. Baumert

Affiliation Inserm Unité 748, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France

Paul Klenerman

Affiliation Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Helmut M. Diepolder

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: hdiepold@med.uni-muenchen.de

Affiliation Medical Department II and Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: RP ML PK HD AU GP. Performed the experiments: ML RT PK AU KP MH SG AR HN MO AH. Analyzed the data: ML RT NS TS CD HD TB AU KP SG NG MJ GP HN MO AH WS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RP PK JW NS SF TS CD TB NG MJ RZ TS TG WS. Wrote the paper: HD. Other: Conceived and designed the study: MD. Enrolled patients: MD. Wrote the first draft of the paper: HD.