Conceived and designed the experiments: LJK PK. Performed the experiments: LJK CPT JAB WKC. Analyzed the data: LJK TP CPT JAB WKC PK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TP DMW JR AH. Wrote the paper: LJK TP JF JM PK. Directed the study and edited the manuscript: PK. Provided managerial support for data generation: JS. Provided GIS analysis: DMW. Developed the B. anthracis microarray genotyping assay and screened the initial (128) isolates: JR. Provided the DNA of isolates from an historical collection: AH. Provided valuable insights into phylogenetic analyses and helped edit the manuscript: RO JF. Provided insights into Beringian ecosystems: JM. Edited the manuscript: JM.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Disease introduction into the New World during colonial expansion is well documented and had a major impact on indigenous populations; however, few diseases have been associated with early human migrations into North America. During the late Pleistocene epoch, Asia and North America were joined by the Beringian Steppe ecosystem which allowed animals and humans to freely cross what would become a water barrier in the Holocene. Anthrax has clearly been shown to be dispersed by human commerce and trade in animal products contaminated with
The basic premises of disease tracking have changed little since John Snow first described the London cholera epidemic of 1854. The use of molecular genotyping technologies has allowed the epidemiological linkage of geographically disparate isolates, generating hypotheses about patterns and modes of disease dispersal. As might be expected, the distribution of human pathogens that cause persistent infections such as
The recent and dramatic increase in the ability for extensive genomic sampling through whole genome sequencing coupled with extensive strain collections should enhance our ability to reconstruct even ancient epidemiological events. The strictly clonal reproductive patterns and low polymorphism frequency of evolutionarily stable molecular markers in
The most dramatic dispersal and clonal expansion of
In North America, two distinct types of anthrax cases are seen. Many have been observed along the East Coast and are associated with trade and industrial processing of contaminated animal products, often wool in textile mills
Indeed, at least two
Whole genome sequencing of seven diverse strains led to the discovery of 2,850 SNPs suitable for conversion to whole genome tiling microarrays. One of these seven strains was the WNA strain (A0193)
The evolutionary tree of the dominant North American
SNP characters are rare in the
The six sub-clades identified by SNP analyses revealed a north-south phylogeographic pattern (
SNPs are stable phylogenetic characters in
Human migrations are the most likely source for the introduction and establishment of the WNA lineage of anthrax in North America through an ice-free corridor that connected Beringia to the southern areas east of the Rocky Mountains. Contiguous grassland habitat created by the partial retreat of the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets would have been ideal for anthrax susceptible grazing herd animals. During the late Pleistocene epoch, Asia and North America were joined by the Beringian Steppe ecosystem
This northern-origin hypothesis is highly consistent with phylogeographic patterns and rates of SNP accumulation observed in recent
The 387 strains (
A1055 | USA | soil | LA | ||||
A1065 | USA | bovine | WY | ||||
A2051 | USA | Bovine | CA | Santa Clara | San Jose | ||
A2052 | USA | Bovine | CA | Santa Clara | San Jose | ||
A0394 | USA | goat kid | TX | Terrell | |||
A1115 | USA | Bovine | TX | Leakey | |||
A1117 | USA | Bovine | TX | ||||
A2012 | USA | Human | FL | Palm Bay | |||
A0169 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0517 | USA | Vaccine | |||||
A0248 | USA | Human | |||||
A1057 | USA | bovine | OK | ||||
A1056 | USA | Bovine | |||||
A0078 | USA | ||||||
A0156 | USA | sheep | |||||
A1058 | USA | bovine | TX | ||||
A1062 | USA | MS | |||||
A1063 | USA | MD | Ft. Detrick | ||||
A0032 | China | Fur | |||||
A0033 | China | Wool | |||||
A0149 | Turkey | human | |||||
A0241 | Turkey | goat | |||||
A0245 | Turkey | bovine | |||||
A0264 | Turkey | human | |||||
A0280 | Italy | sheep | |||||
A0303 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0324 | Slovakia | ||||||
A0343 | Hungary | ||||||
A0362 | Norway | bovine | |||||
A0417 | Hungary | ||||||
A0463 | Pakistan | Sheep | |||||
A0480 | Russia | vaccine | |||||
A0596 | China | Marmot | Xinjiang | ||||
A0604 | China | Soil | Xinjiang | ||||
A0610 | China | Soil | Xinjiang | ||||
A0669 | China | Soil | Xinjiang | ||||
2000031001 | Canada | ||||||
2000031006 | USA | NM | |||||
2000031036 | USA | Moose | WY | ||||
2000031764 | Goat | ||||||
2000031765 | |||||||
2000031766 | USA | Puritan Loom | NC | ||||
2000031767 | |||||||
2000031770 | |||||||
2000031774 | |||||||
2000032818 | |||||||
2000032819 | |||||||
2000032820 | |||||||
2000032821 | |||||||
2000032822 | |||||||
2000032826 | |||||||
2000032828 | |||||||
2000032829 | |||||||
2000032831 | |||||||
2000032832 | |||||||
2000032833 | |||||||
2000032834 | |||||||
2000032888 | |||||||
2000032989 | |||||||
2000032990 | |||||||
2000032993 | |||||||
2000032994 | |||||||
2000032995 | |||||||
2000032996 | |||||||
2000032997 | |||||||
2002013003 | |||||||
2002013004 | |||||||
2002013007 | |||||||
2002013008 | |||||||
2002013009 | |||||||
2002013010 | |||||||
2002013011 | |||||||
2002013012 | |||||||
2002013013 | |||||||
2002013014 | |||||||
2002013015 | |||||||
2002013016 | |||||||
2002013017 | |||||||
2002013019 | |||||||
2002013020 | |||||||
2002013021 | |||||||
2002013022 | |||||||
2002013023 | |||||||
2002013024 | |||||||
2002013025 | |||||||
2002013026 | |||||||
2002013027 | |||||||
2002013028 | |||||||
2002013029 | |||||||
2002013030 | |||||||
2002013031 | |||||||
2002013032 | |||||||
2002013033 | |||||||
2002013034 | |||||||
2002013035 | |||||||
2002013053 | |||||||
2002013054 | |||||||
2002013055 | |||||||
2002013056 | |||||||
2002013057 | |||||||
2002013058 | |||||||
2002013059 | |||||||
2002013063 | |||||||
2002013064 | |||||||
2002013065 | |||||||
2002013068 | |||||||
2002013070 | Canada | Bison | |||||
2002013083 | USA | Mice | WY | ||||
2002013086 | |||||||
2002013098 | |||||||
2002721542 | USA | Bovine | UT | ||||
2002734033 | USA | UT | |||||
A0055 | USA | ||||||
A0056 | USA | ||||||
A0057 | USA | ||||||
A0071 | USA | ||||||
A0072 | USA | ||||||
A0073 | USA | ||||||
A0074 | USA | ||||||
A0075 | USA | ||||||
A0076 | USA | ||||||
A0117 | USA | Bovine | NV | ||||
A0130 | USA | ||||||
A0142 | Canada | Moose | |||||
A0143 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0144 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0157 | USA | Pig | |||||
A0162 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0163 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0165 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0166 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0167 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0168 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0170 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0171 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0172 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0173 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0174 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0175 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0176 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0177 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0178 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0179 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0180 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0181 | Canada | Ravens | |||||
A0182 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0192 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0193 | USA | bovine | |||||
A0194 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0195 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0197 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0198 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0246 | USA | bovine | |||||
A0268 | USA | Dog | |||||
A0295 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0296 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0297 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0300 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0301 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0302 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0304 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0305 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0306 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0307 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0308 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0309 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0310 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0311 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0312 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0313 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0369 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0374 | USA | Bison | |||||
A0377 | Haiti | man | |||||
A0383 | USA | man | CO | ||||
A0392 | USA | bovine | |||||
A0393 | USA | bovine | |||||
A0395 | USA | deer | TX | Uvalde | |||
A0396 | USA | bovine | TX | Del Rio | |||
A0397 | USA | deer | TX | Del Rio | |||
A0398 | USA | deer | TX | Del Rio | |||
A0407 | USA | bovine | |||||
A0408 | USA | bovine | |||||
A0409 | USA | bovine | |||||
A0410 | USA | bovine | |||||
A0418 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0444 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0445 | Canada | bovine | |||||
A0486 | USA | bovine | |||||
A0520 | USA | WT deer | |||||
A0526 | USA | Bovine | MT | Billings | |||
A0767 | Canada | Red Fox Scat | WBNP | Parson's Lake | 59 45′ 53.9″ N | 112 16′ 55.4″W | |
A0768 | Canada | Red Fox Scat | WBNP | Parson's Lake | 59 45′ 53.9″ N | 112 16′ 55.4″W | |
A0770 | Canada | Sand | WBNP | Parson's Lake | 59 45′ 14.4″N | 112 16′ 24.2″ W | |
A0771 | Canada | Sand | WBNP | Parson's Lake | 59 45′ 14.4″N | 112 16′ 42.5″ W | |
A0772 | Canada | Soil | WBNP | Falaise Lake | 61 28′ 52.0″ N | 116 15′ 54.0″ W | |
A0773 | Canada | Soil | WBNP | Falaise Lake | 61 28′ 52.0″ N | 116 15′ 54.0″ W | |
A0774 | Canada | Soil | WBNP | Falaise Lake | 61 28′ 52.0″ N | 116 15′ 54.0″ W | |
A0775 | Canada | Soil | WBNP | Falaise Lake | 61 28′ 52.0″ N | 116 15′ 54.0″ W | |
A0776 | Canada | Soil | WBNP | Falaise Lake | 61 28′ 52.0″ N | 116 15′ 54.0″ W | |
A0777 | Canada | Soil | WBNP | Falaise Lake | 61 28′ 52.0″ N | 116 15′ 54.0″ W | |
A0778 | Canada | Soil | WBNP | Falaise Lake | 61 28′ 52.0″ N | 116 15′ 54.0″ W | |
A0779 | Canada | Soil | WBNP | Falaise Lake | 61 28′ 52.0″ N | 116 15′ 54.0″ W | |
A0780 | Canada | Soil | WBNP | Falaise Lake | 61 28′ 52.0″ N | 116 15′ 54.0″ W | |
A0782 | Canada | Soil | WBNP | Falaise Lake | 61 29′ 7.0″ N | 116 13′ 29.0″ W | |
A0783 | Canada | Soil | WBNP | Falaise Lake | 61 29′ 7.0″ N | 116 13′ 29.0″ W | |
A0784 | Canada | Soil | WBNP | Falaise Lake | 61 29′ 7.0″ N | 116 13′ 29.0″ W | |
A0785 | Canada | Soil | WBNP | Falaise Lake | 61 29′ 7.0″ N | 116 13′ 29.0″ W | |
A0786 | Canada | Soil | WBNP | Falaise Lake | 61 29′ 7.0″ N | 116 13′ 29.0″ W | |
A0788 | Canada | Soil | WBNP | Falaise Lake | 61 27′ 36.0″ N | 116 18′ 23.0″ W | |
A0791 | Canada | ||||||
A0792 | Canada | Bovine | Rocky Mountain House | ||||
A0793 | Canada | Bovine | Rocky Mountain House | ||||
A0794 | Canada | Bovine | Rocky Mountain House | ||||
A0795 | Canada | Bovine | Rocky Mountain House | ||||
A0796 | Canada | Bovine | Rocky Mountain House | ||||
A0797 | Canada | Horse | Rocky Mountain House | ||||
A0798 | Canada | Bovine | Eckville | ||||
A0799 | Canada | Bovine | Eckville | ||||
A0800 | Canada | Bovine | Eckville | ||||
A0801 | Canada | Bovine | Eckville | ||||
A0802 | Canada | Bovine | Eckville | ||||
A0803 | Canada | Bovine | Rocky Mountain House | ||||
A0804 | Canada | Bovine | Caroline | ||||
A0805 | Canada | Bovine | Rocky Mountain House | ||||
A0806 | Canada | Bovine | Rocky Mountain House | ||||
A0807 | Canada | Bovine | Alhambra | ||||
A0808 | Canada | Bovine | Alhambra | ||||
A0809 | Canada | Bovine | Alhambra | ||||
A0810 | Canada | Bovine | Alhambra | ||||
A0812 | Canada | Bovine | Rocky Mountain House | ||||
A0913 | USA | Bovine | NV | ||||
A0917 | USA | ||||||
A0948 | USA | Bovine | ND | Walsh | Park River | ||
A0949 | USA | Equine | ND | Steele | Sharon | ||
A0950 | USA | Bison | ND | Grand Forks | Grand Forks | ||
A0951 | USA | Equine | ND | Traill | Portland | ||
A0952 | USA | Bovine | MN | Clay | Hawley | ||
A0953 | USA | Bovine | ND | Stutsman | Parkhurst | ||
A0954 | USA | Bovine | ND | Foster | Grace City | ||
A0955 | USA | Bovine | ND | Griggs | Cooperstown | ||
A0956 | USA | Bovine | ND | Steele | Sharon | ||
A0957 | USA | ||||||
A0958 | USA | Bovine | ND | Nelson | Aneta | ||
A0959 | USA | Bovine | ND | Grand Forks | Northwood | ||
A0960 | USA | Bovine | ND | Traill | Portland | ||
A0961 | USA | Equine | ND | Steele | Sharon | ||
A0962 | USA | Bovine | ND | Grand Forks | Emerado | ||
A0963 | USA | Bovine | MN | Becker | Lake Park | ||
A0964 | USA | Bovine | ND | Grand Forks | Grand Forks | ||
A0965 | USA | Bovine | ND | Pembina | Walhalla | ||
A0966 | USA | Bovine | ND | Grand Forks | Emerado | ||
A0967 | USA | Bovine | ND | Pembina | Hensel | ||
A0968 | USA | Bovine | MN | Roseau | Greenbush | ||
A0969 | USA | Bovine | ND | Grand Forks | Larimore | ||
A0970 | USA | Bovine | ND | Adams | Reeder | ||
A0971 | USA | Bovine | ND | Nelson | Aneta | ||
A0972 | USA | Bovine | ND | Nelson | Pekin | ||
A0973 | USA | Bovine | ND | Eddy | Hamar | ||
A0974 | USA | Bovine | ND | Nelson | Tolna | ||
A0975 | USA | Equine | ND | Nelson | Petersburg | ||
A0976 | USA | ||||||
A0977 | USA | Bovine | ND | Grand Forks | Larimore | ||
A0978 | USA | Bovine | MN | Roseau | Badger | ||
A0979 | USA | Bovine | MN | Mower | Lyle | ||
A0980 | USA | Bovine | MN | Pennington | Thief River Falls | ||
A0981 | USA | Bovine | ND | Grand Forks | Larimore | ||
A0982 | USA | Bovine | ND | Pembina | Hensel | ||
A0983 | USA | ||||||
A0984 | USA | ||||||
A0985 | USA | ||||||
A0988 | Canada | Bison | WBNP | ||||
A0989 | Canada | ||||||
A0990 | Canada | ||||||
A0991 | Canada | Bear | |||||
A0993 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0994 | Canada | Bison | |||||
A0995 | Canada | Wolf | |||||
A0996 | Canada | Bovine | |||||
A0997 | Canada | Bovine | |||||
A0998 | Canada | Moose | |||||
A0999 | Canada | Bovine | |||||
A1000 | Canada | Bovine | |||||
A1001 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1002 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1003 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1004 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1005 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1006 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1007 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1008 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1009 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1010 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1011 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1012 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1013 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1014 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1015 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1016 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1017 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1018 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1019 | Canada | Manitoba | Vita | ||||
A1020 | Canada | Manitoba | Vita | ||||
A1021 | Canada | Manitoba | Vita | ||||
A1022 | Canada | Bison | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1023 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1024 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1025 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1026 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1027 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1028 | Canada | Bovine | Manitoba | Vita | |||
A1029 | USA | Bovine | NV | Vita | |||
A1030 | USA | Bovine | NV | Washoe | Reno | ||
A1031 | USA | Bovine | NV | Washoe | Reno | ||
A1040 | USA | bovine | SD | ||||
A1041 | USA | bovine | SD | ||||
A1042 | USA | bovine | SD | ||||
A1047 | USA | bovine | IA | ||||
A1118 | USA | Bison | MN | Greenbush | |||
A1119 | USA | Bovine | MN | Greenbush | |||
A1120 | USA | Bovine | MN | Greenbush | |||
A1121 | USA | Bovine | MN | Greenbush | |||
A1122 | USA | Bovine | MN | Greenbush | |||
A1123 | USA | Bovine | MN | Greenbush | |||
A1124 | USA | Bovine | MN | Greenbush | |||
A1125 | USA | Bovine | MN | Greenbush | |||
A1126 | USA | Bovine | MN | Greenbush | |||
A1127 | USA | Bovine | MN | Greenbush | |||
A1128 | USA | Bovine | MN | Greenbush | |||
A1129 | USA | Bovine | MN | Greenbush | |||
A1130 | USA | Bovine | MN | Greenbush | |||
A1131 | USA | Bovine | MN | Greenbush | |||
A1132 | USA | Bovine | MN | Greenbush | |||
A1133 | USA | Bovine | MN | Greenbush | |||
A1134 | USA | Bovine | MN | Greenbush | |||
A1135 | Canada | Manitoba | Sprague | ||||
A1137 | USA | SD | |||||
A1138 | USA | SD | |||||
A1139 | USA | SD | |||||
A2014 | Mexico | Bovine | Acuna | ||||
A2015 | Mexico | Bovine | Acuna | ||||
A3455 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.83663 | 100.33589 | ||
A3456 | USA | Bovine | SD | 45.66154 | 98.41541 | ||
A3457 | USA | Bovine | SD | 46.90731 | 98.10566 | ||
A3458 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.77967 | 100.42004 | ||
A3459 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.83672 | 100.33584 | ||
A3460 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.70675 | 100.19478 | ||
A3461 | USA | Bovine | SD | North | |||
A3462 | USA | Bovine | SD | North | |||
A3463 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.98544 | 100.36005 | ||
A3464 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.69881 | 100.46175 | ||
A3465 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.98094 | 100.30310 | ||
A3466 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.68186 | 98.05983 | ||
A3467 | USA | Bovine | SD | Central | |||
A3468 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.38436 | 99.61700 | ||
A3469 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.41030 | 99.80588 | ||
A3470 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.72853 | 100.45644 | ||
A3471 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.91887 | 99.79668 | ||
A3472 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.72853 | 100.45644 | ||
A3473 | USA | Bovine | SD | Central | |||
A3474 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.67489 | 98.05903 | ||
A3475 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.90751 | 100.48686 | ||
A3476 | USA | Bovine | SD | North | |||
A3477 | USA | Bovine | SD | Central | |||
A3478 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.95312 | 100.49400 | ||
A3479 | USA | Bovine | SD | 45.70536 | 98.39379 | ||
A3480 | USA | Bovine | SD | 45.25863 | 100.23270 | ||
A3481 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.58392 | 99.87045 | ||
A3482 | USA | Bovine | SD | 45.92200 | 98.05015 | ||
A3483 | USA | Bovine | SD | North | |||
A3484 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.94745 | 100.51275 | ||
A3485 | USA | Bovine | SD | 45.03621 | 100.30700 | ||
A3486 | USA | Bovine | SD | 45.16650 | 100.11835 | ||
A3487 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.79834 | 100.55977 | ||
A3488 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.95903 | 99.90616 | ||
A3489 | USA | Bovine | SD | 45.13020 | 100.33318 | ||
A3490 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.84012 | 98.87670 | ||
A3491 | USA | Bovine | SD | 45.52951 | 97.72276 | ||
A3492 | USA | Bovine | SD | 45.35902 | 97.49963 | ||
A3493 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.53633 | 103.51009 | ||
A3494 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.91887 | 99.79668 | ||
A3495 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.10121 | 99.86757 | ||
A3496 | USA | Bovine | SD | Central | |||
A3497 | USA | Bovine | SD | 45.51513 | 100.48982 | ||
A3498 | USA | Bovine | SD | 43.78920 | 99.26104 | ||
A3499 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.17555 | 99.50194 | ||
A3500 | USA | Bovine | SD | 44.10859 | 99.45870 | ||
A3501 | USA | Bovine | SD | 45.06766 | 100.39238 |
Missing or Unknown data has been intentionally left blank.
Samples having an “A” preceeding a four digit code are samples for which we possess live culture material. Samples having a 10-digit code were received as DNA from part of a historic collection maintained at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Two letter state codes are used when referencing states within the United States, otherwise the state is written out. WBNP is Wood Buffalo National Park.
Centroids were used for locations where state of origin information was available but Global Positioning System data was unavailable.
Sample ID |
canSNP group |
A.Br.WNA |
wna237471 | wna1141774 | wna2994131 | wna3368524 | wna3631093 | wna3682247 | wna3732539 | wna3774186 | wna4461234 | wna4718500 |
A1055 | C.Br.A1055 | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A1065 | C.Br.A1055 | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A2051 | B.Br.001/002 | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A2052 | B.Br.001/002 | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0394 | A.Br.001/002 | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A1115 | A.Br.001/002 | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A1117 | A.Br.001/002 | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A2012 | A.Br.Ames | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0169 | A.Br.001/002 | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0517 | A.Br.001/002 | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0248 | A.Br.Aust94 | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A1057 | A.Br.Aust94 | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A1056 | A.Br.003/004 | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0078 | A.Br.Vollum | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0156 | A.Br.Vollum | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A1058 | A.Br.Vollum | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A1062 | A.Br.Vollum | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A1063 | A.Br.Vollum | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0032 | A.Br.008/009 | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
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A0241 | A.Br.008/009 | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0245 | A.Br.008/009 | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
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A0463 | A.Br.008/009 | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0480 | A.Br.008/009 | A | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
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2000031001 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
2000031006 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000031036 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000031764 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000031765 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000031766 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000031767 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000031770 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000031774 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000032818 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000032819 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000032820 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | ? |
2000032821 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000032822 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000032826 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000032828 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000032829 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000032831 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000032832 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000032833 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000032834 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000032888 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000032989 | A.Br.WNA | G | T | C | C | A | G | G | T | T | G | G |
2000032990 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000032993 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000032994 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000032995 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000032996 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2000032997 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013003 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013004 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013007 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013008 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013009 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013010 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013011 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013012 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013013 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013014 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013015 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013016 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013017 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013019 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013020 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013021 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013022 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013023 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013024 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013025 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013026 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013027 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013028 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013029 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013030 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013031 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013032 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013033 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013034 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013035 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013053 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013054 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013055 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013056 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013057 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013058 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013059 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013063 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013064 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013065 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013068 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013070 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
2002013083 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013086 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002013098 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002721542 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
2002734033 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0055 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0056 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0057 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0071 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | A | C | C | A | A |
A0072 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | A | T | C | A | A |
A0073 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | A | C | C | A | A |
A0074 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | A | C | C | A | A |
A0075 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | A | C | C | A | A |
A0076 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0117 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0130 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | A | C | C | A | A |
A0142 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0143 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0144 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0157 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0162 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0163 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0165 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0166 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0167 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0168 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0170 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0171 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0172 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0173 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0174 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0175 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0176 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0177 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0178 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0179 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0180 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0181 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0182 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0192 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0193 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0194 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0195 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0197 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0198 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0246 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0268 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0295 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0296 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0297 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0300 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0301 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0302 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0303 | A.Br.WNA | A |
G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0304 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0305 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0306 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0307 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0308 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0309 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0310 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0311 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0312 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0313 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0369 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0374 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0377 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0383 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0392 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0393 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0395 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0396 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0397 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0398 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0407 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0408 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0409 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0410 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0418 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0444 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0445 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0486 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0520 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0526 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0767 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0768 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0770 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0771 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0772 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0773 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0774 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0775 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0776 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0777 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0778 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0779 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0780 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0782 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0783 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0784 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0785 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0786 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0788 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0791 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0792 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0793 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0794 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0795 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0796 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0797 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0798 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0799 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0800 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0801 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0802 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0803 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0804 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0805 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0806 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0807 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0808 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0809 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0810 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0812 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | T | G | A |
A0913 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0917 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0948 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0949 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0950 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0951 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0952 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0953 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0954 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0955 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0956 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0957 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0958 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0959 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0960 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0961 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0962 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0963 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0964 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0965 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0966 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0967 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0968 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0969 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0970 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0971 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0972 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0973 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0974 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0975 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0976 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0977 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0978 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0979 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0980 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0981 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0982 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0983 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0984 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0985 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0988 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0989 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0990 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0991 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0993 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0994 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0995 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0996 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0997 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A0998 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A0999 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1000 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1001 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1002 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1003 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1004 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1005 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1006 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1007 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1008 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1009 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1010 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1011 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1012 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1013 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1014 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1015 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1016 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1017 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1018 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1019 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1020 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1021 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1022 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | G | G | T | T | G | G |
A1023 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1024 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1025 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1026 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1027 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1028 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1029 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1030 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1031 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1040 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1041 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1042 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1047 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1118 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1119 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1120 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1121 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1122 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1123 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1124 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1125 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1126 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1127 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1128 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1129 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1130 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1131 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1132 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1133 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1134 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1135 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1137 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1138 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A1139 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | C | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A2014 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A2015 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3455 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3456 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3457 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3458 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3459 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3460 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3461 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3462 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3463 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3464 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3465 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3466 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3467 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3468 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3469 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3470 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3471 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3472 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3473 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3474 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3475 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3476 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3477 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3478 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3479 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3480 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3481 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3482 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3483 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3484 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3485 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3486 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3487 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3488 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3489 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3490 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3491 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3492 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3493 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3494 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3495 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3496 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3497 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3498 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3499 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3500 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
A3501 | A.Br.WNA | G | G | T | G | C | A | G | T | C | G | A |
Genotyping data are presented as the SNP state at the particular locus. Each locus is presented with reference to the genome position in the Ancestral Ames strain (GenBank ID: AE017334).
Sample IDs with “A” numbers indicate isolates for which we have live culture. Sample IDs bearing a 10-digit number are from an historical strain collection maintained by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
Canonical SNP groups as defined in Van Ert et al. (2007).
The A.Br.WNA canonical SNP was also definied in Van Ert et al. (2007).
Rules of parsimony place this isolate (A0303) in the A.Br.WNA group. This single data point is homoplastic.
DNA for Affymetrix whole genome tiling microarrays was extracted on 21 geographically dispersed and genetically diverse (MLVA15) strains within the A.Br.009 clade by a modification of the chloroform∶isoamyl alcohol method described in Keim et al. (1997). DNA for sub-clade specific TaqMan® MGB dual-probe real-time PCR SNP assays was extracted by a simplified heat lysis protocol described in Keim et al. (2000).
Seven diverse
A custom Affymetrix genotyping microarray was constructed using 2850 SNPs. We genotyped 128 diverse strains using this format; relevant to this study, 10 strains were from the trans-Eurasian population (TEA: A.Br.008/009) and 21 were from the Western North American clade (WNA: A.Br.WNA). Of the 2,850 SNPs, 78 separated TEA from WNA, while 28 split the WNA clade into 6 genotypes (
We selected 10 SNPs for conversion into Taqman® MGB dual-probe real-time PCR SNP assays (
F- |
VIC- |
|
R- |
FAM- |
|
F- |
VIC- |
|
R- |
FAM- |
|
F- |
VIC- |
|
R- |
FAM- |
|
F- |
VIC- |
|
R- |
FAM- |
|
F- |
VIC- |
|
R- |
FAM- |
|
F- |
VIC- |
|
R- |
FAM- |
|
F- |
VIC- |
|
R- |
FAM- |
|
F- |
VIC- |
|
R- |
FAM- |
|
F- |
VIC- |
|
R- |
FAM- |
|
F- |
VIC- |
|
R- |
FAM- |
The locus name correlates to the position on the whole genome sequence of the Ancestral Ames strain (AE017334).
F refers to the Forward primer whereas R refers to the Reverse primer.
Allele states are designated in red. VIC is the fluor conjugated to the 5′ end of the probe for one allele whereas FAM is the fluor conjugated to the 5′end of the alternate allele.
A.Br.009 |
canSNP2589947 |
A→G |
A.Br.018 |
wna0237471 | T→G |
A.Br.018 |
wna1141774 | C→T |
A.Br.018 |
wna3368524 | A→C |
A.Br.019 |
wna3631093 | A→G |
A.Br.019 |
wna4718500 | G→A |
A.Br.020 |
wna3774186 | T→C |
A.Br.021 |
wna2994131 | C→G |
A.Br.022 |
wna3682247 | A→G |
A.Br.022 |
wna4461234 | G→A |
A.Br.023 |
wna3732539 | T→C |
SNPs are arranged in this table from basal to derived nodes.
The A.Br.009 canonical SNP was previously reported5 and was used to identify most of the WNA clade samples used in this study.
These four SNPs are located on the
These two SNPs are located on the
This SNP is located on the
This SNP is located on the
These two SNPs are located on the
This SNP is located on the
Spatial data were then linked to genotypic analysis for each isolate and plotted with a Geographic Information System (ArcView 3.3). Some isolates were retrieved from archival collections and were not associated with geographic information, hence only 285 isolates were spatially mapped.
Phylogenetic analysis using a cladistic approach was accomplished with PAUP 4.0
We are grateful to Paul Jackson and Martin Hugh-Jones for strain acquisition efforts.