About the Authors

Sandra Moore

Affiliation Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Marseille/Aix-Marseille University, UMR MD3, Marseille, France

Berthe Miwanda

Affiliation Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Ministry of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Adodo Yao Sadji

Affiliation Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene, Lomé, Togo

Hélène Thefenne

Affiliation Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Laveran, Marseille, France

Fakhri Jeddi

Affiliation Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Marseille/Aix-Marseille University, UMR MD3, Marseille, France

Stanislas Rebaudet

Affiliation Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Marseille/Aix-Marseille University, UMR MD3, Marseille, France

Hilde de Boeck

Affiliation Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium

Bawimodom Bidjada

Affiliation Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene, Lomé, Togo

Jean-Jacques Depina

Affiliation Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Laveran, Marseille, France

Didier Bompangue

Affiliations Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Ministry of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249, CNRS, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France

Aaron Aruna Abedi

Affiliation Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Lamine Koivogui

Affiliation Institut National de Santé Publique, Conakry, Republic of Guinea

Sakoba Keita

Affiliation Division Prévention et Lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de l’Hygiène Publique, Conakry, Republic of Guinea

Eric Garnotel

Affiliation Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Laveran, Marseille, France

Pierre-Denis Plisnier

Affiliation Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium

Raymond Ruimy

Affiliation Clinical Research Department, Nice University Hospital, Nice, France

Nicholas Thomson

Affiliations Pathogen Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Jean-Jacques Muyembe

Affiliations Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Ministry of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Renaud Piarroux

Renaud.PIARROUX@ap-hm.fr

Affiliation Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Marseille/Aix-Marseille University, UMR MD3, Marseille, France

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: RP PDP DB. Performed the experiments: SM HT FJ. Analyzed the data: SM SR RR NT RP AAA. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BM AYS HdB BB JJD EG JJM LK SK. Wrote the paper: SM RP AAA PDP DB. Performed field investigations: SM BM SR HdB JJD DB AAA PDP RP.