About the Authors

Sonia Sakhria

Contributed equally to this work with: Sonia Sakhria, Laurence Bichaud

Affiliation Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia

Laurence Bichaud

Contributed equally to this work with: Sonia Sakhria, Laurence Bichaud

Affiliations Aix Marseille Univ, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR_D 190 “Emergence des Pathologies Virales”, Marseille, France, IHU Mediterranee Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France

Mohamed Mensi

Affiliation Regional Health Department, Governorate of Bizerte, Bizerte, Tunisia

Nicolas Salez

Affiliation Aix Marseille Univ, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR_D 190 “Emergence des Pathologies Virales”, Marseille, France

Khalil Dachraoui

Affiliation Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia

Laurence Thirion

Affiliation Aix Marseille Univ, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR_D 190 “Emergence des Pathologies Virales”, Marseille, France

Saifedine Cherni

Affiliation Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia

Ifhem Chelbi

Affiliation Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia

Xavier De Lamballerie

Affiliations Aix Marseille Univ, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR_D 190 “Emergence des Pathologies Virales”, Marseille, France, IHU Mediterranee Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France

Elyes Zhioua

EZ and RNC also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia

Rémi N. Charrel

remi.charrel@univ-amu.fr

EZ and RNC also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Aix Marseille Univ, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR_D 190 “Emergence des Pathologies Virales”, Marseille, France, IHU Mediterranee Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: LB SS NS XdL EZ RNC. Performed the experiments: LB SS MM NS KD SC XdL EZ RNC. Analyzed the data: LB SS XdL RNC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: NS IC LT MM SC. Wrote the paper: LB NS XdL EZ RNC.