About the Authors

Rupert J. Quinnell

r.j.quinnell@leeds.ac.uk

Affiliation School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

Connor Carson

Affiliation School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

Richard Reithinger

Affiliations London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D. C., United States of America, RTI International, Washington, D. C., United States of America

Lourdes M. Garcez

Affiliation Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Pará, Brazil

Orin Courtenay

Affiliation School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: RJQ CC RR OC. Performed the experiments: RJQ CC LMG OC. Analyzed the data: RJQ CC OC. Wrote the paper: RJQ CC. Extracted data for meta-analysis: RJQ RR. Performed the meta-analysis: RJQ.