About the Authors

Octavie Lunguya

Affiliations National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Veerle Lejon

vlejon@itg.be

Affiliation Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium

Marie-France Phoba

Affiliations National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Sophie Bertrand

Affiliation Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium

Raymond Vanhoof

Affiliation Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium

Jan Verhaegen

Affiliation University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Anthony Marius Smith

Affiliation Centre for Enteric Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Karen Helena Keddy

Affiliation Centre for Enteric Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum

Affiliations National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Jan Jacobs

Affiliation Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: OL JV JJMT JJ. Performed the experiments: OL VL MFP. Analyzed the data: OL VL SB RV JV AMS KHK JJ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: OL MFP SB RV JV AMS KHK JJMT JJ. Wrote the paper: OL VL AMS KHK JJ.