About the Authors

Carla van Tienen

c.vantienen@erasmusmc.nl

Affiliations Virology, Medical Research Council, Fajara, The Gambia, Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Thushan I. de Silva

Affiliations Virology, Medical Research Council, Fajara, The Gambia, UCL Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara

Affiliations Public Health Advanced Laboratory, Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, Bahia School of Medicine and Public Health Foundation for Science Development, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Clayton O. Onyango

Affiliations Virology, Medical Research Council, Fajara, The Gambia, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Programme, Kilifi, Kenya

Sheikh Jarju

Affiliation Virology, Medical Research Council, Fajara, The Gambia

Nato Gonçalves

Affiliations Virology, Medical Research Council, Fajara, The Gambia, Projecto de Saúde de Bandim, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau

Tim Vincent

Affiliation Virology, Medical Research Council, Fajara, The Gambia

Peter Aaby

Affiliation Projecto de Saúde de Bandim, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau

Hilton Whittle

Affiliation Virology, Medical Research Council, Fajara, The Gambia

Maarten Schim van der Loeff

Affiliation Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD) and Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Matthew Cotten

Affiliations Virology, Medical Research Council, Fajara, The Gambia, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MC CvT TIdS MSvdL HW PA. Performed the experiments: CvT TIdS LCJA NG COO SJ. Analyzed the data: CvT MC TIdS LCJA SJ TV. Wrote the paper: CvT MC MSvdL TV. Supervision of data collection and data entry, drafting of the article and critically discussing hypotheses raised by the current study: TV.