About the Authors
- Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
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Contributed equally to this work with: Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu, Fabio E. Leal
* E-mail: lndhlovu@medsfgh.ucsf.edu; lndhlovu@hawaii.edu
Affiliation Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Fabio E. Leal
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Contributed equally to this work with: Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu, Fabio E. Leal
Affiliations Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Aaron M. Hasenkrug
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Affiliation Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Aashish R. Jha
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Affiliation Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Karina I. Carvalho
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Affiliation Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Ijeoma G. Eccles-James
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Affiliation Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Fernanda R. Bruno
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Affiliation Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Raphaella G. S. Vieira
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Affiliation Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Vanessa A. York
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Affiliation Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Glen M. Chew
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Affiliation Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- R. Brad Jones
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Affiliation Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Yuetsu Tanaka
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Affiliation Department of Immunology, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
- Walter K. Neto
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Affiliation Molecular Biology Laboratory, Fundação Pró-Sangue, Hemocentro de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Sabri S. Sanabani
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Affiliation Molecular Biology Laboratory, Fundação Pró-Sangue, Hemocentro de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Mario A. Ostrowski
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Affiliation Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Aluisio C. Segurado
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Affiliation Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Douglas F. Nixon
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¶These authors also contributed equally to this work.
Affiliation Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Esper G. Kallas
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¶These authors also contributed equally to this work.
Affiliations Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Competing Interests
L.C. Ndhlovu, R. Brad Jones, M.A. Ostrowski and D.F. Nixon are named as inventors on a patent application related to modulation of Tim-3 in viral infections.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: LCN FEL DFN EGK. Performed the experiments: LCN FEL AMH ARJ GMC IGE-J FRB VAY WKN SSS RGSV. Analyzed the data: LCN FEL AMH ARJ KIC IGE-J VAY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LCN DFN ACS EGK SSS WKN YT. Wrote the paper: LCN FEL. Technical and scientific input: RBJ MAO. Edited the manuscript: DFN EGK.