About the Authors

Nicholas R. Casewell

Affiliations Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom

Darren A. N. Cook

Affiliation Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Simon C. Wagstaff

Affiliation Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Abdulsalami Nasidi

Affiliation Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria

Nandul Durfa

Affiliation Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria

Wolfgang Wüster

Affiliation School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom

Robert A. Harrison

r.harrison@liverpool.ac.uk

Affiliation Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

NRC is now an employee of MicroPharm Ltd., but was not when the experiments were conceived and conducted. RAH, AN and ND are members of the EchiTAb Study Group, whose objective is to ensure that snakebite victims gain access to effective antivenom treatment.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: NRC SCW WW RAH. Performed the experiments: NRC DANC RAH. Analyzed the data: NRC SCW RAH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AN ND RAH. Wrote the paper: NRC RAH.