About the Authors

Jeffrey G. Shaffer

Contributed equally to this work with: Jeffrey G. Shaffer, Donald S. Grant, John S. Schieffelin, Matt L. Boisen, Augustine Goba

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America

Donald S. Grant

Contributed equally to this work with: Jeffrey G. Shaffer, Donald S. Grant, John S. Schieffelin, Matt L. Boisen, Augustine Goba

Affiliation Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone

John S. Schieffelin

Contributed equally to this work with: Jeffrey G. Shaffer, Donald S. Grant, John S. Schieffelin, Matt L. Boisen, Augustine Goba

Affiliation Sections of Infectious Disease, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America

Matt L. Boisen

Contributed equally to this work with: Jeffrey G. Shaffer, Donald S. Grant, John S. Schieffelin, Matt L. Boisen, Augustine Goba

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America, Corgenix, Inc., Broomfield, Colorado, United States of America

Augustine Goba

Contributed equally to this work with: Jeffrey G. Shaffer, Donald S. Grant, John S. Schieffelin, Matt L. Boisen, Augustine Goba

Affiliation Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone

Jessica N. Hartnett

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America

Danielle C. Levy

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America

Rachael E. Yenni

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America

Lina M. Moses

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America, Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America

Mohammed Fullah

Affiliation Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone

Mambo Momoh

Affiliation Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone

Mbalu Fonnie

Affiliation Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone

Richard Fonnie

Affiliation Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone

Lansana Kanneh

Affiliation Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone

Veronica J. Koroma

Affiliation Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone

Kandeh Kargbo

Affiliation Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone

Darin Ottomassathien

Affiliation Corgenix, Inc., Broomfield, Colorado, United States of America

Ivana J. Muncy

Affiliation Corgenix, Inc., Broomfield, Colorado, United States of America

Abigail B. Jones

Affiliation Corgenix, Inc., Broomfield, Colorado, United States of America

Megan M. Illick

Affiliation Biofactura Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Peter C. Kulakosky

Affiliation Autoimmune Technologies, LLC, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America

Allyson M. Haislip

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America

Christopher M. Bishop

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America

Deborah H. Elliot

Affiliation Sections of Infectious Disease, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America

Bethany L. Brown

Affiliation Corgenix, Inc., Broomfield, Colorado, United States of America

Hu Zhu

Affiliation Vybion Inc., Ithaca, New York, United States of America

Kathryn M. Hastie

Affiliation Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Kristian G. Andersen

Affiliations FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Stephen K. Gire

Affiliations FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Shervin Tabrizi

Affiliations FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Ridhi Tariyal

Affiliation Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Mathew Stremlau

Affiliations FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Alex Matschiner

Affiliation Biofactura Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Darryl B. Sampey

Affiliation Biofactura Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Jennifer S. Spence

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America

Robert W. Cross

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America

Joan B. Geisbert

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America

Onikepe A. Folarin

Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemers University, Redemption City, Ogun State, Nigeria

Christian T. Happi

Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemers University, Redemption City, Ogun State, Nigeria

Kelly R. Pitts

Affiliation Corgenix, Inc., Broomfield, Colorado, United States of America

F. Jon Geske

Affiliation Corgenix, Inc., Broomfield, Colorado, United States of America

Thomas W. Geisbert

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America

Erica Ollmann Saphire

Affiliations Vybion Inc., Ithaca, New York, United States of America, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America

James E. Robinson

Affiliation Sections of Infectious Disease, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America

Russell B. Wilson

Affiliation Autoimmune Technologies, LLC, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America

Pardis C. Sabeti

Affiliations Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Lee A. Henderson

Affiliation Autoimmune Technologies, LLC, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America

S. Humarr Khan

These authors jointly supervised this work.

Affiliation Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone

Daniel G. Bausch

These authors jointly supervised this work.

Affiliation Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America

Luis M. Branco

These authors jointly supervised this work.

Affiliations Autoimmune Technologies, LLC, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America, Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, Maryland, United States of America

Robert F. Garry

rfgarry@tulane.edu

These authors jointly supervised this work.

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, Maryland, United States of America

the Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium

‡ Membership of the Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium is provided in the Acknowledgments.

Competing Interests

We have read the journal's policy and have the following conflicts. The Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium (vhfc.org) is a partnership of academic and industry scientists who are developing diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines for LF and other severe diseases. Tulane University and various industry partners have filed United States and foreign patent applications on behalf of the consortium for several of these technologies. If commercial products are developed, consortium members may receive royalties or profits. This does not alter our adherence to all PLOS policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JGS DSG JSS MLB JNH LMM PCK KMH KGA SKG ST MS CTH KRP FJG TWG EOS JER PCS RBW LAH DGB LMB RFG. Performed the experiments: AG MLB JNH DCL REY LMM MFu MM DO IJM ABJ MMI PCK AMH CMB DHE BLB HZ KMH KGA SKG ST RT MS AM DBS JSS JBG OAF RWC FJG EOS LAH LMB RFG. Analyzed the data: JGS MLB JNH JSS DSG PCK CTH RBW PCS LAH DGB LMB RFG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JGS JSS DCL KGA PCS. Wrote the paper: JGS DSG EOS PCK KGA DGB LMB RFG. Clinical evaluation and patient management: DSG SHK MFo VJK. Outreach and case follow-up: RF LK KK LMM.