August 2006

The cover is based on a brain MRI scan of a child with obstructive sleep apnea, which most commonly occurs when children are very overweight. The related research article by Halbower et al. suggests that children with obstructive sleep apnea may also have changes in their brain metabolism, which could make them more likely to have learning difficulties.

Image Credit: Images taken from Halbower et al.

Editorial

How Can Biomedical Journals Help to Tackle Global Poverty?

The PLoS Medicine Editors

PLOS Medicine: published August 29, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030380

The PLoS Medicine Debate

Have Online International Medical Journals Made Local Journals Obsolete?

David Ofori-Adjei, Gerd Antes, Prathap Tharyan, Elizabeth Slade, Pritpal S Tamber

PLOS Medicine: published August 29, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030359

Essay

Health Development versus Medical Relief: The Illusion versus the Irrelevance of Sustainability

Gorik Ooms

PLOS Medicine: published August 15, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030345

Perspectives

Thrombosis after Travel

Kenneth J Rothman

PLOS Medicine: published August 22, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030300

Does Simple “Reassurance” Work in Patients with Medically Unexplained Physical Symptoms?

Javier I Escobar

PLOS Medicine: published August 1, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030313

IL-32: An Emerging Player in the Immune Response Network against Tuberculosis?

Manikuntala Kundu, Joyoti Basu

PLOS Medicine: published August 15, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030274

Infectious Diseases, Climate Influences, and Nonstationarity

Bernard Cazelles, Simon Hales

PLOS Medicine: published August 15, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030328

Molecular Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in the Amazon

David A Haake

PLOS Medicine: published August 22, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030302

Developmental Immunotoxicity Testing and Protection of Children's Health

Rodney R Dietert

PLOS Medicine: published August 22, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030296

Is IL-10 a Good Target to Inhibit Choroidal Neovascularisation in Age-Related Macular Disease?

Sue Lightman, Virginia Calder

PLOS Medicine: published August 15, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030364

Neural and Neurobehavioral Dysfunction in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Dean W Beebe

PLOS Medicine: published August 22, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030323

Metabolic Profiling of Patients with Schizophrenia

Rima Kaddurah-Daouk

PLOS Medicine: published August 22, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030363

Health in Action

Evaluating Health Research Capacity Building: An Evidence-Based Tool

Imelda Bates, Alex Yaw Osei Akoto, Daniel Ansong, Patrick Karikari, George Bedu-Addo, Julia Critchley, Tsiri Agbenyega, Anthony Nsiah-Asare

PLOS Medicine: published July 18, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030299

Policy Forums

How Do Intellectual Property Law and International Trade Agreements Affect Access to Antiretroviral Therapy?

Michael Westerhaus, Arachu Castro

PLOS Medicine: published August 8, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030332

Regulating the Market in Human Research Participants

Trudo Lemmens, Paul B Miller

PLOS Medicine: published August 1, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030330

Research in Translation

A Proposed Classification of the Immunological Diseases

Dennis McGonagle, Michael F McDermott

PLOS Medicine: published August 29, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030297

Learning Forum

A 26-Year-Old Man with Sternoclavicular Arthritis

Christian Gutierrez Ruiz, J. Jaime Miranda, Georgios Pappas

PLOS Medicine: published August 29, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030293

Case Report

Recurrent Hypoglycaemia in a Patient with Metastatic Pancreatic Carcinoma

Ronald C. W Ma, Raymond S. K Lo, Morris H. L Tai, Juliana C. N Chan, Chun Chung Chow, Jean L. F Woo

PLOS Medicine: published August 29, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030331

Research Articles

Travel-Related Venous Thrombosis: Results from a Large Population-Based Case Control Study (MEGA Study)

Suzanne C Cannegieter, Carine J. M Doggen, Hans C van Houwelingen, Frits R Rosendaal

PLOS Medicine: published August 22, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030307

Why Reassurance Fails in Patients with Unexplained Symptoms—An Experimental Investigation of Remembered Probabilities

Winfried Rief, Andrea Maren Heitmüller, Katja Reisberg, Heinz Rüddel

PLOS Medicine: published August 1, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030269

Creating and Validating an Algorithm to Measure AIDS Mortality in the Adult Population using Verbal Autopsy

Ben A Lopman, Ruanne V Barnabas, J. Ties Boerma, Godwin Chawira, Kezia Gaitskell, Tara Harrop, Peter Mason, Christl A Donnelly, Geoff P Garnett, Constance Nyamukapa, Simon Gregson

PLOS Medicine: published August 8, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030312

Core Verbal Autopsy Procedures with Comparative Validation Results from Two Countries

Philip W Setel, Chalapati Rao, Yusuf Hemed, David R Whiting, Gonghuan Yang, Daniel Chandramohan, K. G. M. M Alberti, Alan D Lopez

PLOS Medicine: published July 18, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030268

Conjunctival FOXP3 Expression in Trachoma: Do Regulatory T Cells Have a Role in Human Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis Infection?

Nkoyo Faal, Robin L Bailey, David Jeffries, Hassan Joof, Isatou Sarr, Mass Laye, David C. W Mabey, Martin J Holland

PLOS Medicine: published August 8, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030266

Prospects for Advancing Tuberculosis Control Efforts through Novel Therapies

Joshua A Salomon, James O Lloyd-Smith, Wayne M Getz, Stephen Resch, María S Sánchez, Travis C Porco, Martien W Borgdorff

PLOS Medicine: published August 1, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030273

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Interleukin-32 Production through a Caspase- 1/IL-18/Interferon-γ-Dependent Mechanism

Mihai G Netea, Tania Azam, Eli C Lewis, Leo A. B Joosten, Maorong Wang, Dennis Langenberg, Xianzhong Meng, Edward D Chan, Do-Young Yoon, Tom Ottenhoff, Soo-Hyun Kim, Charles A Dinarello

PLOS Medicine: published August 15, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030277

Climate Cycles and Forecasts of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, a Nonstationary Vector-Borne Disease

Luis Fernando Chaves, Mercedes Pascual

PLOS Medicine: published August 15, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030295

Determining Risk for Severe Leptospirosis by Molecular Analysis of Environmental Surface Waters for Pathogenic Leptospira

Christian A Ganoza, Michael A Matthias, Devon Collins-Richards, Kimberly C Brouwer, Calaveras B Cunningham, Eddy R Segura, Robert H Gilman, Eduardo Gotuzzo, Joseph M Vinetz

PLOS Medicine: published August 22, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030308

Frequency of Adverse Events after Vaccination with Different Vaccinia Strains

Mirjam Kretzschmar, Jacco Wallinga, Peter Teunis, Shuqin Xing, Rafael Mikolajczyk

PLOS Medicine: published August 22, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030272

Reduced Antibody Responses to Vaccinations in Children Exposed to Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Carsten Heilmann, Philippe Grandjean, Pál Weihe, Flemming Nielsen, Esben Budtz-Jørgensen

PLOS Medicine: published August 22, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030311

Aberrant Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis of Schistosoma mansoni Glycoproteins on Host Lipoproteins

Hein Sprong, Monika Suchanek, Suzanne M van Dijk, Alexandra van Remoortere, Judith Klumperman, Diana Avram, Joke van der Linden, Jeanette H. W Leusen, Jaap J van Hellemond, Christoph Thiele

PLOS Medicine: published July 18, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030253

Macrophages Inhibit Neovascularization in a Murine Model of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Rajendra S Apte, Jennifer Richter, John Herndon, Thomas A Ferguson

PLOS Medicine: published August 15, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030310

Abnormal Cortical Development after Premature Birth Shown by Altered Allometric Scaling of Brain Growth

Olga Kapellou, Serena J Counsell, Nigel Kennea, Leigh Dyet, Nadeem Saeed, Jaroslav Stark, Elia Maalouf, Philip Duggan, Morenike Ajayi-Obe, Jo Hajnal, Joanna M Allsop, James Boardman, Mary A Rutherford, Frances Cowan, A. David Edwards

PLOS Medicine: published August 1, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030265

Childhood Obstructive Sleep Apnea Associates with Neuropsychological Deficits and Neuronal Brain Injury

Ann C Halbower, Mahaveer Degaonkar, Peter B Barker, Christopher J Earley, Carole L Marcus, Philip L Smith, M. Cristine Prahme, E. Mark Mahone

PLOS Medicine: published August 22, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030301

Statins in the Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure: A Systematic Review

Pim van der Harst, Adriaan A Voors, Wiek H van Gilst, Michael Böhm, Dirk J van Veldhuisen

PLOS Medicine: published August 22, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030333

Inflammatory Cytokines as Risk Factors for a First Venous Thrombosis: A Prospective Population-Based Study

Sverre C Christiansen, Inger Anne Næss, Suzanne C Cannegieter, Jens Hammerstrøm, Frits R Rosendaal, Pieter H Reitsma

PLOS Medicine: published August 22, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030334

Metabolic Profiling of CSF: Evidence That Early Intervention May Impact on Disease Progression and Outcome in Schizophrenia

Elaine Holmes, Tsz M Tsang, Jeffrey T.-J Huang, F. Markus Leweke, Dagmar Koethe, Christoph W Gerth, Brit M Nolden, Sonja Gross, Daniela Schreiber, Jeremy K Nicholson, Sabine Bahn

PLOS Medicine: published August 22, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030327

Serious Shortcomings in the Management of Children with Anaphylaxis in Scottish Schools

Kirsty E Rankin, Aziz Sheikh

PLOS Medicine: published August 22, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030326

Correspondence

Differences in Mitotic Activity May Explain Observed Differences in HIF-1α Response in Cancers and Stroma

Khush Mittal

PLOS Medicine: published August 29, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030370

Schizophrenia Adoption Studies

Jonathan Leo

PLOS Medicine: published August 29, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030366

Author's Response to Dr. Leo

Patrick Sullivan

PLOS Medicine: published August 29, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030376

Further Advantages of a Unique Author Identification Number

Etienne Joly

PLOS Medicine: published August 29, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030368

Discussion Required for Correct Interpretation

Radek Bukowski, Gary D. V Hankins, George R Saade, Steve Thornton

PLOS Medicine: published August 29, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030369

Borderline Thrombocytopenia or Mild Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura?

Jacques Zimmer, François Hentges, Emmanuel Andres

PLOS Medicine: published August 29, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030362

Authors' Response to Zimmer et al

Roberto Stasi, Sergio Amadori, John Osborn, Adrian Newland, Drew Provan

PLOS Medicine: published August 29, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030365

Telemedicine Complements Effective Health-Care Delivery but Is Not a Panacea

Rajiv Sarin

PLOS Medicine: published August 29, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030367

Corrections

Correction: Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome Caused by Streptococcus suis Serotype 2

Jiaqi Tang, Changjun Wang, Youjun Feng, Weizhong Yang, Huaidong Song, Zhihai Chen, Hongjie Yu, Xiuzhen Pan, Xiaojun Zhou, Huaru Wang, Bo Wu, Haili Wang, Huamei Zhao, Ying Lin, Jianhua Yue, Zhenqiang Wu, Xiaowei He, Feng Gao, Abdul Hamid Khan, Jian Wang, Guo-Ping Zhao, Yu Wang, Xiaoning Wang, Zhu Chen, George F Gao

PLOS Medicine: published August 29, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030377

Correction: Manslaughter by Fake Artesunate in Asia—Will Africa Be Next?

Paul N Newton, Rose McGready, Facundo Fernandez, Michael D Green, Manuela Sunjio, Carinne Bruneton, Souly Phanouvong, Pascal Millet, Christopher J. M Whitty, Ambrose O Talisuna, Stephane Proux, Eva Maria Christophel, Grace Malenga, Pratap Singhasivanon, Kalifa Bojang, Harparkash Kaur, Kevin Palmer, Nicholas P. J Day, Brian M Greenwood, François Nosten, Nicholas J White

PLOS Medicine: published August 1, 2006 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030324

Cover

Images of Sleep Apnea.

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