About the Authors

Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen

Affiliation Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Lu Qi

luqi@hsph.harvard.edu (LQ); paul.franks@med.lu.se (PWF); ruth.loos@mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk (RJFL)

Affiliation Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Soren Brage

Affiliation Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Stephen J. Sharp

Affiliation Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Emily Sonestedt

Affiliation Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden

Ellen Demerath

Affiliation Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

Tariq Ahmad

Affiliation Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Samia Mora

Affiliation Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Marika Kaakinen

Affiliation Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Camilla Helene Sandholt

Affiliation Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark

Christina Holzapfel

Affiliations Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany, Else Kroener-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, University Hospital “Klinikum rechts der Isar,” Munich, Germany

Christine S. Autenrieth

Affiliation Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

Elina Hyppönen

Affiliation Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Medical Research Council Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom

Stéphane Cauchi

Affiliation CNRS-UMR-8090, Department of Genomics and Molecular Physiology of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Biology of Lille, Lille, France

Meian He

Affiliation Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Zoltan Kutalik

Affiliation Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Meena Kumari

Affiliation Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Alena Stančáková

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

Karina Meidtner

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany

Beverley Balkau

Affiliations INSERM, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of diabetes, obesity and chronic kidney disease over the lifecourse and determinants of early nutrition, Villejuif, France, University Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France

Jonathan T. Tan

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore

Massimo Mangino

Affiliation King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Nicholas J. Timpson

Affiliation Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Yiqing Song

Affiliation Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

M. Carola Zillikens

Affiliations Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Netherlands Genomics Initiative–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands

Kathleen A. Jablonski

Affiliation The Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Melissa E. Garcia

Affiliation National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Stefan Johansson

Affiliations Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Ying Wu

Affiliation Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Jana V. van Vliet-Ostaptchouk

Affiliation Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

N. Charlotte Onland-Moret

Affiliations Complex Genetics Section, Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Esther Zimmermann

Affiliations Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Natalia V. Rivera

Affiliation Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Toshiko Tanaka

Affiliations Medstar Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Longitudinal Study Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Heather M. Stringham

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Günther Silbernagel

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nephrology, Vascular Disease, and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

Stavroula Kanoni

Affiliation Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Mary F. Feitosa

Affiliation Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

Soren Snitker

Affiliation University of Maryland School of Medicine, College Park, Maryland, United States of America

Jonatan R. Ruiz

Affiliations Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden, Department of Physical Education and Sport, School of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

Jeffery Metter

Affiliation Longitudinal Study Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Maria Teresa Martinez Larrad

Affiliation Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain

Mustafa Atalay

Affiliation Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland

Maarit Hakanen

Affiliation The Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

Najaf Amin

Affiliation Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Christine Cavalcanti-Proença

Affiliation CNRS-UMR-8090, Department of Genomics and Molecular Physiology of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Biology of Lille, Lille, France

Anders Grøntved

Affiliation Institute of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

Göran Hallmans

Affiliation Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine Section for Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

John-Olov Jansson

Affiliation Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Johanna Kuusisto

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

Mika Kähönen

Affiliation Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland

Pamela L. Lutsey

Affiliation Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America

John J. Nolan

Affiliation Steno Diabetes Centre, Gentofte, Denmark

Luigi Palla

Affiliation Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Oluf Pedersen

Affiliations Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark, Marie Krogh Center for Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Louis Pérusse

Affiliation Division of Kinesiology, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada

Frida Renström

Affiliations Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden, Genetic Epidemiology and Clinical Research Group, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden

Robert A. Scott

Affiliation Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Dmitry Shungin

Affiliations Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden, Genetic Epidemiology and Clinical Research Group, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

Ulla Sovio

Affiliation Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Tuija H. Tammelin

Affiliations Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland, LIKES Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland

Tapani Rönnemaa

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

Timo A. Lakka

Affiliation Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland

Matti Uusitupa

Affiliations Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland, Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

Manuel Serrano Rios

Affiliation Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain

Luigi Ferrucci

Affiliation Longitudinal Study Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Claude Bouchard

Affiliation Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America

Aline Meirhaeghe

Affiliation INSERM, U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Université Lille 2, Lille, France

Mao Fu

Affiliation Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Mark Walker

Affiliation Institute of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom

Ingrid B. Borecki

Affiliation Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America

George V. Dedoussis

Affiliation Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Andreas Fritsche

Affiliation Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nephrology, Vascular Disease, and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

Claes Ohlsson

Affiliation Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Michael Boehnke

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Stefania Bandinelli

Affiliation Geriatric Rehabilitation Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze, Florence, Italy

Cornelia M. van Duijn

Affiliations Netherlands Genomics Initiative–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands

Shah Ebrahim

Affiliation Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Debbie A. Lawlor

Affiliation Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Vilmundur Gudnason

Affiliations Icelandic Heart Association, Heart Preventive Clinic and Research Institute, Kopavogur, Iceland, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

Tamara B. Harris

Affiliation Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Thorkild I. A. Sørensen

Affiliation Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

Karen L. Mohlke

Affiliation Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Albert Hofman

Affiliations Netherlands Genomics Initiative–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

André G. Uitterlinden

Affiliations Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Netherlands Genomics Initiative–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Jaakko Tuomilehto

Affiliations Hjelt Institute, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland, Department of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria

Terho Lehtimäki

Affiliation Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland

Olli Raitakari

Affiliations The Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

Bo Isomaa

Affiliations Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Social Services and Health Care, Jakobstad, Finland

Pål R. Njølstad

Affiliations Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

Jose C. Florez

Affiliations Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Program for Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Simin Liu

Affiliation Center for Metabolic Disease Prevention, School of Public Health and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Andy Ness

Affiliation School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Timothy D. Spector

Affiliation King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

E. Shyong Tai

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore

Philippe Froguel

Affiliations CNRS-UMR-8090, Department of Genomics and Molecular Physiology of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Biology of Lille, Lille, France, Centre and Department of Genomic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Heiner Boeing

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany

Markku Laakso

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

Michael Marmot

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Sven Bergmann

Affiliation Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Chris Power

Affiliation Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Medical Research Council Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom

Kay-Tee Khaw

Affiliation Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Daniel Chasman

Affiliation Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Paul Ridker

Affiliation Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Torben Hansen

Affiliations Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark, Marie Krogh Center for Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

Keri L. Monda

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Thomas Illig

Affiliation Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

Marjo-Riitta Järvelin

Affiliations Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Department of Life Course and Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland

Nicholas J. Wareham

Affiliation Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Frank B. Hu

Affiliation Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Leif C. Groop

Affiliation Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden

Marju Orho-Melander

Affiliation Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden

Ulf Ekelund

Affiliation Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Paul W. Franks

luqi@hsph.harvard.edu (LQ); paul.franks@med.lu.se (PWF); ruth.loos@mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk (RJFL)

Affiliations Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden, Genetic Epidemiology and Clinical Research Group, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden

Ruth J. F. Loos

luqi@hsph.harvard.edu (LQ); paul.franks@med.lu.se (PWF); ruth.loos@mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk (RJFL)

Affiliation Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

JJN has, since January 2011, been employed at Steno Diabetes Centre, a legally independent clinical and research body, which is wholly owned by Novo Nordisk. In relation to his contribution to this manuscript (through the RISC study), all of this work pre-dates his appointment to his current position. All other authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: TOK LQ SBr SJS LPal RAS UE PWF RJFL. Analyzed the data: TOK ES ED TA SM MKaa CHS CH CSA EH SC MH ZK MKah AS KM BB JTT MM NJT YS MCZ KAJ MEG SJ JLBG YW JVVVO NCOM EZ NVR TT HMS GS SK MFF SS JRR JM MTML MA MH. Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: TOK LQ SBr SJS UE PWF RJFL. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: TOK LQ SBr SJS ES ED TA SM MKaa CHS CH CSA EH SC MH ZK MKu AS KM BB JTT MM NJT YS MCZ KAJ MEG SJ JLBG YW JVVVO NCOM EZ NVR TT HMS GS SK MFF SS JRR JM MTML MA MH NA CCP AG GH JOJ JK MKah PLL JJN LPal OP LPer FR RAS DS US THT TR TAL MU MSR LF CB AM MF MW IBB GVD AF CO MB SBa CMVD SE DAL VG TBH TIAS KLMoh AH AGU JT TL OR BI PRN JCF SL AN TDS EST PF HB ML MM SBe CP KTK DC PR TH KLMon TI MRJ NJW FBH LCG MOM UE PWF RJFL. ICMJE criteria for authorship read and met: TOK LQ SBr SJS ES ED TA SM MKaa CHS CH CSA EH SC MH ZK MKu AS KM BB JTT MM NJT YS MCZ KAJ MEG SJ JLBG YW JVVVO NCOM EZ NVR TT HMS GS SK MFF SS JRR JM MTML MA MH NA CCP AG GH JOJ JK MKah PLL JJN LPal OP LPer FR RAS DS US THT TR TAL MU MSR LF CB AM MF MW IBB GVD AF CO MB SBa CMVD SE DAL VG TBH TIAS KLMoh AH AGU JT TL OR BI PRN JCF SL AN TDS EST PF HB ML MM SBe CP KTK DC PR TH KLMon TI MRJ NJW FBH LCG MOM UE PWF RJFL. Agree with manuscript results and conclusions: TOK LQ SBr SJS ES ED TA SM MKaa CHS CH CSA EH SC MH ZK MKu AS KM BB JTT MM NJT YS MCZ KAJ MEG SJ JLBG YW JVVVO NCOM EZ NVR TT HMS GS SK MFF SS JRR JM MTML MA MH NA CCP AG GH JOJ JK MKah PLL JJN LPal OP LPer FR RAS DS US THT TR TAL MU MSR LF CB AM MF MW IBB GVD AF CO MB SBa CMVD SE DAL VG TBH TIAS KLMoh AH AGU JT TL OR BI PRN JCF SL AN TDS EST PF HB ML MM SBe CP KTK DC PR TH KLMon TI MRJ NJW FBH LCG MOM UE PWF RJFL. Management and coordination of contributing cohorts: NA CCP AG GH JOJ JK MKu PLL JJN LPal OP LPer FR RAS DS US THT TR TAL MU MSR LF CB AM MF MW IBB GVD AF CO MB SBa CMVD SE DAL VG TBH TIAS KLMoh AH AGU JT TL OR BI PRN JCF SL AN TDS EST PF HB ML MM SBe CP KTK DC PR TH KLMon TI MRJ NJW FBH LCG MOM UE PWF RJFL.