About the Authors
- Simon I Hay
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*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: simon.hay@zoo.ox.ac.uk
Affiliations Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Centre for Geographic Medicine, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)–University of Oxford–Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, Nairobi, Kenya , Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Carlos A Guerra
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Affiliations Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Centre for Geographic Medicine, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)–University of Oxford–Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, Nairobi, Kenya , Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter W Gething
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Affiliations Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom , Centre for Geographical Health Research, School of Geography, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Anand P Patil
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Affiliation Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Andrew J Tatem
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Affiliations Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Centre for Geographic Medicine, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)–University of Oxford–Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, Nairobi, Kenya , Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom , Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America , Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Abdisalan M Noor
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Affiliations Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Centre for Geographic Medicine, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)–University of Oxford–Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, Nairobi, Kenya , Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine (CCVTM), Oxford, United Kingdom
- Caroline W Kabaria
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Affiliation Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Centre for Geographic Medicine, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)–University of Oxford–Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Bui H Manh
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Affiliation Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Bach Mai Hospital, National Institute of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Ha Noi, Vietnam
- Iqbal R. F Elyazar
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Affiliation Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Simon Brooker
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Affiliations Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Centre for Geographic Medicine, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)–University of Oxford–Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, Nairobi, Kenya , Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
- David L Smith
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Affiliations Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America , Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Rana A Moyeed
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Affiliation School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom
- Robert W Snow
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Affiliations Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Centre for Geographic Medicine, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)–University of Oxford–Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, Nairobi, Kenya , Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine (CCVTM), Oxford, United Kingdom
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author Contributions
SIH and RWS conceived the experiments. SB and RAM had a statistical advisory role throughout. PWG, APP, and AJT refined and implemented the experimental protocols. DLS devised the age-standardization procedures. SIH, CAG, AMN, CWK, BHM, IRFE, and RWS compiled and mapped the PfPR data. SIH wrote the first draft of the manuscript. SIH, CAG, PWG, APP, AJT, AMN, CWK, BHM, IRFE, SB, DLS, RAM, and RWS commented on the final draft of the manuscript.