About the Authors

Debbie A Lawlor

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: d.a.lawlor@bristol.ac.uk

Affiliations Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom , Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Nicholas J Timpson

Affiliations Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom , Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Roger M Harbord

Affiliation Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Sam Leary

Affiliation Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Andy Ness

Affiliation Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Mark I McCarthy

Affiliations Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom , Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Timothy M Frayling

Affiliations Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom , Diabetes Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom

Andrew T Hattersley

Affiliations Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom , Diabetes Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom

George Davey Smith

Affiliations Medical Research Council Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom , Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Author Contributions

DAL designed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the first draft of the paper. NJT and RMH analyzed the data and contributed to writing the paper. SL prepared the dataset, analyzed the data, and contributed to writing the paper. AN contributed to writing the paper. MIM and GDS designed the experiments and contributed to writing the paper. TMF collected data and contributed to writing the paper. ATH designed experiments, collected data, and contributed to writing the paper.