About the Authors

Gerry F Killeen

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: gkilleen@ihrdc.or.tz

Affiliations Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Ifakara, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania , Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom

Tom A Smith

Affiliation Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland

Heather M Ferguson

Affiliations Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Ifakara, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania , Division of Infection and Immunity, Glasgow University, Glasgow, United Kingdom , Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Glasgow University, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Hassan Mshinda

Affiliation Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Ifakara, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania

Salim Abdulla

Affiliation Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Ifakara, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania

Christian Lengeler

Affiliation Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland

Steven P Kachur

Affiliations Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Ifakara, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania , United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps and Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

GFK formulated the model in consultation with TAS; conceived the study hypothesis in consultation with HMF, SA, and SPK; applied the model to test this hypothesis; and drafted the manuscript in consultation with all the other authors. TAS, HM, SA, and CL participated in design of the ITN surveys and contributed to drafting of the manuscript. HMF, SA, and SPK contributed to formulation of the hypothesis and drafting of the manuscript. All authors approved the final submitted version of the manuscript.