About the Authors

Danielle C. M. Belgrave

Contributed equally to this work with: Danielle C. M. Belgrave, Raquel Granell, Angela Simpson, John Guiver, Christopher Bishop, Iain Buchan, A. John Henderson, Adnan Custovic

danielle.belgrave@manchester.ac.uk

Affiliations Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, Centre for Health Informatics, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Raquel Granell

Contributed equally to this work with: Danielle C. M. Belgrave, Raquel Granell, Angela Simpson, John Guiver, Christopher Bishop, Iain Buchan, A. John Henderson, Adnan Custovic

Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Angela Simpson

Contributed equally to this work with: Danielle C. M. Belgrave, Raquel Granell, Angela Simpson, John Guiver, Christopher Bishop, Iain Buchan, A. John Henderson, Adnan Custovic

Affiliation Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

John Guiver

Contributed equally to this work with: Danielle C. M. Belgrave, Raquel Granell, Angela Simpson, John Guiver, Christopher Bishop, Iain Buchan, A. John Henderson, Adnan Custovic

Affiliation Microsoft Research Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Christopher Bishop

Contributed equally to this work with: Danielle C. M. Belgrave, Raquel Granell, Angela Simpson, John Guiver, Christopher Bishop, Iain Buchan, A. John Henderson, Adnan Custovic

Affiliation Microsoft Research Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Iain Buchan

Contributed equally to this work with: Danielle C. M. Belgrave, Raquel Granell, Angela Simpson, John Guiver, Christopher Bishop, Iain Buchan, A. John Henderson, Adnan Custovic

Affiliation Centre for Health Informatics, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

A. John Henderson

Contributed equally to this work with: Danielle C. M. Belgrave, Raquel Granell, Angela Simpson, John Guiver, Christopher Bishop, Iain Buchan, A. John Henderson, Adnan Custovic

Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Adnan Custovic

Contributed equally to this work with: Danielle C. M. Belgrave, Raquel Granell, Angela Simpson, John Guiver, Christopher Bishop, Iain Buchan, A. John Henderson, Adnan Custovic

Affiliation Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

AS has received travel grants and honoraria from GSK and Chiesi. She has received research grants from the Medical Research Council, National Institute of Health Research, and the JP Moulton Charitable Foundation. AC served as a consultant for Circassia. He received speaker fees from Glaxo Smith Kline, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Airsonet, Novartis, MSD, and ALK. He received research grants from the UK Medical Research Council, Moulton Charitable Foundation National Institute of Health Research. AC is a member of the Editorial Board of PLOS Medicine.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: AS AC AJH. Analyzed the data: DCMB RG JG CB IB. Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: DCMB AC AS. Wrote the paper: DCMB CB JG RG IB AS AC AJH. ICMJE criteria for authorship read and met: DCMB CB JG RG IB AS AC AJH. Agree with manuscript results and conclusions: DCMB CB JG RG IB AS AC AJH. Enrolled patients: AS AC AJH. Extracted and provided ALSPAC data for the study: RG AJH.