About the Authors

Luis Eduardo Cuevas

cuevasl@who.int

Affiliations Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, United Nations Children's Fund/United Nations Development Programme/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva Switzerland

Najla Al-Sonboli

Affiliation Medical Faculty, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen

Lovett Lawson

Affiliation Zankli Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria

Mohammed Ahmed Yassin

Affiliation Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Isabel Arbide

Affiliation Bushullo Major Health Centre, Awassa, Ethiopia

Nasher Al-Aghbari

Affiliation Medical Faculty, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen

Jeevan Bahadur Sherchand

Affiliation Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal

Amin Al-Absi

Affiliation National Tuberculosis Institute, Sana'a, Yemen

Emmanuel Nnamdi Emenyonu

Affiliation Zankli Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria

Yared Merid

Affiliation Southern Region Health Bureau, Awassa, Ethiopia

Mosis Ifenyi Okobi

Affiliation Wuse General Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria

Juliana Olubunmi Onuoha

Affiliation Zankli Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria

Melkamsew Aschalew

Affiliation Southern Region Health Bureau, Awassa, Ethiopia

Abraham Aseffa

Affiliation Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Greg Harper

Affiliation Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Rachel Mary Anderson de Cuevas

Affiliation Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Sally Jane Theobald

Affiliation Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Carl-Michael Nathanson

Affiliation United Nations Children's Fund/United Nations Development Programme/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva Switzerland

Jean Joly

Affiliation United Nations Children's Fund/United Nations Development Programme/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva Switzerland

Brian Faragher

Affiliation Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Stephen Bertel Squire

Affiliation Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Andrew Ramsay

Affiliation United Nations Children's Fund/United Nations Development Programme/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva Switzerland

Competing Interests

Andrew Ramsay is employed by WHO/TDR, the institution administering the grants from USAID and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation that funded this work. The other authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

ICMJE criteria for authorship read and met: LEC NA-S LL MAY IA NA JBS ANA ENE YM MIO JOB MA AA GH RMA ST C-MN JJ BF SBS AR. Agree with the manuscript's results and conclusions: LEC NA-S LL MAY IA NA JBS ANA ENE YM MIO JOB MA AA GH RMA ST C-MN JJ BF SBS AR. Enrolled patients: NA-S LL IA NA JBS ANA ENE MIO JOB. Conceived and designed the experiments: LEC MAY AR BF. Performed the experiments: NA-S LL IA NA JBS NAA ENE YM MIO JOB MA AA GH. Analyzed the data: LEC MAY AR BF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GH C-MN JJ. Wrote the paper: LEC MAY AR SBS RMA ST BF. Acted as field director: NA-S LL IA NAA JBS. Obtained national ethical approval: NA-S LL IA NAA JBS. Facilitated insertion of the study into the National Control Programme: AA MA LL JBS.