About the Authors

Hsien-Ho Lin

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Majid Ezzati

Affiliation Department of Population and International Health and Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Megan Murray

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mmurray@hsph.harvard.edu

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America , Division of Social Medicine and Health Inequalities, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America , Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

HHL, ME, and MM conceived of the study and devised the search and analysis strategies. Electronic searches, expert contact, hand searches, retrieval of references were undertaken by HHL. Study selection criteria were developed by HHL and MM. Data synthesis and analysis were undertaken by HHL and MM. HHL wrote the first draft of this report and all authors contributed to the final draft.