About the Authors

Edward J Mills

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: millsej@univmail.cis.mcmaster.ca

Affiliation Centre for International Health and Human Rights Studies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Jean B Nachega

Affiliations Centre for International Health and Human Rights Studies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada , Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

David R Bangsberg

Affiliation San Francisco General Hospital, AIDS Division, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Sonal Singh

Affiliations Centre for International Health and Human Rights Studies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada , Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Beth Rachlis

Affiliation BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Ping Wu

Affiliation Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, North York, Ontario, Canada

Kumanan Wilson

Affiliations Centre for International Health and Human Rights Studies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada , Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Iain Buchan

Affiliation Evidence for Population Health Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Christopher J Gill

Affiliation Center for International Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Curtis Cooper

Affiliations Centre for International Health and Human Rights Studies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada , Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

EJM, JN, SS, BR, PW, KW, and CC designed the study. EJM, JN, DRB, SS, BR, PW, and CC analyzed the data. EJM, JN, DRB, SS, BR, PW, KW, IB, CJG, and CC contributed to writing the paper. DRB contributed to the editing of the manuscript and interpretation of data in context of international adherence literature. BR was involved in article selection. PW was involved in paper searching (from abstract to full text), paper review, data extraction and analysis.