About the Authors

Cary P Gross

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: cary.gross@yale.edu

Affiliations Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Harlan M Krumholz

Affiliations Section of General Internal Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, Section of Health Policy and Administration, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Gretchen Van Wye

Affiliation Section of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

Ezekiel J Emanuel

Affiliation Department of Clinical Bioethics, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

David Wendler

Affiliation Department of Clinical Bioethics, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

CPG, EJE, and DW designed the study. GVW abstracted data from articles. CPG, GVW, EJE, and DW analyzed the data. CPG, HMK, GVW, EJE, and DW contributed to writing the paper.