About the Authors

Christina M. Lill

Affiliations Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Neurology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany, Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany

Johannes T. Roehr

Affiliations Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Free University, Berlin, Germany

Matthew B. McQueen

Affiliation Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America

Fotini K. Kavvoura

Affiliations Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece, Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, United Kingdom, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Sachin Bagade

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America

Brit-Maren M. Schjeide

Affiliation Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany

Leif M. Schjeide

Affiliation Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany

Esther Meissner

Affiliation Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany

Ute Zauft

Affiliation Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany

Nicole C. Allen

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America

Tian Liu

Affiliations Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany

Marcel Schilling

Affiliations Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Free University, Berlin, Germany

Kari J. Anderson

Affiliation Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America

Gary Beecham

Affiliation John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America

Daniela Berg

Affiliations Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany

Joanna M. Biernacka

Affiliation Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America

Alexis Brice

Affiliations INSERM, UMR_S975, Paris, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France, CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France

Anita L. DeStefano

Affiliations Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Chuong B. Do

Affiliation 23andMe, Mountain View, California, United States of America

Nicholas Eriksson

Affiliation 23andMe, Mountain View, California, United States of America

Stewart A. Factor

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Matthew J. Farrer

Affiliation Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

Tatiana Foroud

Affiliation Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America

Thomas Gasser

Affiliations Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany

Taye Hamza

Affiliation New York State Department of Health Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York, United States of America

John A. Hardy

Affiliation Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Peter Heutink

Affiliation Department of Clinical Genetics, Section of Medical Genomics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Erin M. Hill-Burns

Affiliation New York State Department of Health Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York, United States of America

Christine Klein

Affiliation Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

Jeanne C. Latourelle

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Demetrius M. Maraganore

Affiliation Department of Neurology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America

Eden R. Martin

Affiliation John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America

Maria Martinez

Affiliations INSERM UMR 1043, CPTP, Toulouse, France, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France

Richard H. Myers

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Michael A. Nalls

Affiliation Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Nathan Pankratz

Affiliation Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America

Haydeh Payami

Affiliation New York State Department of Health Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York, United States of America

Wataru Satake

Affiliation Division of Neurology/Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan

William K. Scott

Affiliation John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America

Manu Sharma

Affiliations Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany

Andrew B. Singleton

Affiliation Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Kari Stefansson

Affiliation deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland

Tatsushi Toda

Affiliation Division of Neurology/Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan

Joyce Y. Tung

Affiliation 23andMe, Mountain View, California, United States of America

Jeffery Vance

Affiliation John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America

Nick W. Wood

Affiliations UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Cyrus P. Zabetian

Affiliation VA Puget Sound Health Care System and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America

23andMe, The Genetic Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease (GEO-PD) Consortium

Memberships of the consortia are provided in Text S1.

The International Parkinson's Disease Genomics Consortium (IPDGC)

Memberships of the consortia are provided in Text S1.

The Parkinson's Disease GWAS Consortium

Memberships of the consortia are provided in Text S1.

The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2 (WTCCC2)

Memberships of the consortia are provided in Text S1.

Peter Young

Affiliation Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany

Rudolph E. Tanzi

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America

Muin J. Khoury

Affiliation Office of Public Health Genomics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Frauke Zipp

Affiliation Department of Neurology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany

Hans Lehrach

Affiliation Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany

John P. A. Ioannidis

Affiliations Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece, Biomedical Research Institute, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, Ioannina, Greece, Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Modeling and Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine and Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America

Lars Bertram

lbertram@molgen.mpg.de

Affiliations Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

CB Do, N Eriksson, and JY Tung are employed by 23andMe and own stock options in the company. MJ Farrer and Mayo Foundation received royalties from H.Lundbeck A/S and Isis Pharmaceuticals. In addition, MJ Farrer has received an honorarium for a seminar at Genzyme. T Gasser has received consultancy fees from Cephalon and Merck-Serono, grants from Novartis, payments for lectures including service on speakers' bureaus from Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck-Serono, UCB, and Valean, and holds patents NGFN2 and KASPP. JA Hardy has received consulting fees or honoraria from Eisai and his institute has received consulting fees or honoraria from Merck-Serono. DM Maraganore has received extramural research funding support from the National Institutes of Health (2R01 ES10751), the Michael J. Fox Foundation (Linked Efforts to Accelerate Parkinson Solutions Award, Edmond J. Safra Global Genetics Consortia Award), and from Alnylam Pharmaceuticals and Medtronic (observational studies of Parkinson's disease). DM Maraganore has also received intramural research funding support from the Mayo Clinic and from NorthShore University Health System. DM Maraganore filed a provisional patent for a method to predict Parkinson's disease. This provisional patent is unlicensed. He also filed a provisional patent for a method to treat neurodegenerative disorders. That provisional patent has been licensed to Alnylam Pharmaceuticals and DM Maraganore has received royalty payments in total of less than $20,000. K Stefansson has received grants from deCODE.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CM Lill, MB McQueen, JPA Ioannidis, L Bertram. Performed the experiments: CM Lill, JT Roehr, S Bagade, B-M Schjeide, E Meissner, U Zauft, NC Allen, KJ Anderson, G Beecham, D Berg, JM Biernacka, A Brice, AL DeStefano, CB Do, N Eriksson, SA Factor, MJ Farrer, T Foroud, T Gasser, T Hamza, JA Hardy, P Heutink, C Klein, JC Latourelle, DM Maraganore, ER Martin, M Martinez, RH Myers, H Payami, WK Scott, M Sharma, AB Singleton, K Stefansson, T Toda, JY Tung, J Vance, NW Wood, CP Zabetian, 23andMe, GEO-PD, IPDGC, Parkinson's Disease GWAS, WTCC2. Analyzed the data: CM Lill, JT Roehr, MB McQueen, FK Kavvoura, L Bertram. Wrote the paper: CM Lill, JPA Ioannidis, L Bertram. Helped write the manuscript: E Meissner, MJ Farrer, T Foroud, T Gasser, C Klein, DM Maraganore, H Payami, AB Singleton, M Sharma, F Zipp, H Lehrach. Helped analyze the data: S Bagade, T Liu, M Schilling, CB Do, N Eriksson, T Hamza, EM Hill-Burns, MA Nalls, N Pankratz, W Satake, M Sharma. Interpretation of results: CM Lill, JPA Ioannidis, L Bertram. Study coordination: CM Lill, T Foroud, JA Hardy, H Payami, AB Singleton, P Young, RE Tanzi, MJ Khoury, F Zipp, H Lehrach, JPA Ioannidis, L Bertram. Literature searches and data entry: CM Lill, S Bagade, B-M Schjeide, E Meissner, U Zauft, N Allen.