About the Authors

Helen N Lyon

Contributed equally to this work with: Helen N Lyon, Valur Emilsson, Anke Hinney, Iris M Heid, Jessica Lasky-Su, Xiaofeng Zhu

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: helen.lyon@childrens.harvard.edu

Affiliations Program in Genomics, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts , Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts , Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

Valur Emilsson

Contributed equally to this work with: Helen N Lyon, Valur Emilsson, Anke Hinney, Iris M Heid, Jessica Lasky-Su, Xiaofeng Zhu

Affiliation deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland

Anke Hinney

Contributed equally to this work with: Helen N Lyon, Valur Emilsson, Anke Hinney, Iris M Heid, Jessica Lasky-Su, Xiaofeng Zhu

Affiliation Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rheinische Kliniken Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Iris M Heid

Contributed equally to this work with: Helen N Lyon, Valur Emilsson, Anke Hinney, Iris M Heid, Jessica Lasky-Su, Xiaofeng Zhu

Affiliations Institute of Epidemiology, GSF-National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany , Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany

Jessica Lasky-Su

Contributed equally to this work with: Helen N Lyon, Valur Emilsson, Anke Hinney, Iris M Heid, Jessica Lasky-Su, Xiaofeng Zhu

Affiliations Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America , State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America

Xiaofeng Zhu

Contributed equally to this work with: Helen N Lyon, Valur Emilsson, Anke Hinney, Iris M Heid, Jessica Lasky-Su, Xiaofeng Zhu

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Gudmar Thorleifsson

Affiliation deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland

Steinunn Gunnarsdottir

Affiliation deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland

G. Bragi Walters

Affiliation deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland

Unnur Thorsteinsdottir

Affiliation deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland

Augustine Kong

Affiliation deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland

Jeffrey Gulcher

Affiliation deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland

Thuy Trang Nguyen

Affiliations Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany , Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany

André Scherag

Affiliations Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany , Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany

Arne Pfeufer

Affiliations Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany , Institute of Human Genetics, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany

Thomas Meitinger

Affiliations Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany , Institute of Human Genetics, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany

Günter Brönner

Affiliation Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rheinische Kliniken Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Winfried Rief

Affiliations Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany , Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany

Manuel E Soto-Quiros

Affiliation Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Hospital Nacional de Niños, San José, Costa Rica

Lydiana Avila

Affiliation Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Hospital Nacional de Niños, San José, Costa Rica

Barbara Klanderman

Affiliation Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Benjamin A Raby

Affiliation Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Edwin K Silverman

Affiliation Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Scott T Weiss

Affiliation Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Nan Laird

Affiliation Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Xiao Ding

Affiliation Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Leif Groop

Affiliations Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital MAS, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden , Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland , Research Program for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Tiinamaija Tuomi

Affiliations Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland , Research Program for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland , Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland

Bo Isomaa

Affiliation Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland

Kristina Bengtsson

Affiliations Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland , Research Program for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Johannah L Butler

Affiliations Program in Genomics, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts , Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Richard S Cooper

Affiliation Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America

Caroline S Fox

Affiliation Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America

Christopher J O'Donnell

Affiliation Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America

Caren Vollmert

Affiliation Institute of Epidemiology, GSF-National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany

Juan C Celedón

Affiliation Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

H. Erich Wichmann

Affiliations Institute of Epidemiology, GSF-National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany , Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany

Johannes Hebebrand

Affiliation Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rheinische Kliniken Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

Kari Stefansson

Affiliation deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland

Christoph Lange

Affiliation Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Joel N Hirschhorn

Affiliations Program in Genomics, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts , Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts , Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

This work represents a broad collaboration among many groups.HNL and JNH produced the original draft, HNL, CL, and JNH performed meta-analyses, JLB conducted genotyping and data management. VE, GT, and AK performed analysis of data from Iceland cohort; the cohort is directed by UT, JG, and KS. SG, GBW, and UT conducted genotyping of the Icelandic cohort. IMH performed analysis of data from the KORA cohort. The KORA group consists of HEW, and his coworkers, who are responsible for the design and conduct of the KORA studies. The cohort is directed by HEW; CV conducted genotyping. AH and GB performed analysis of data from the Essen cohort; the cohort is directed by JH. TM supervised genotyping for the Essen and KORA cohorts. JL-S, BAR, NL, XD and CL performed analysis of data from the CAMP cohort. BAR conducted the CAMP genotyping; the cohort is directed by STW. JL-S and CL performed analysis of data from Costa Rica cohort; the cohort is directed by JCC. HNL and JNH performed analysis of data from the FHS cohort, with collaboration from CSF and CJO. HNL and JNH performed analysis of data from the Maywood cohort; the cohort is directed by XZ and RSC. HNL and JNH performed analysis of data from the Scandanavia cohort; the cohort is directed by LG. All authors provided text and interpretation.