About the Authors
- Helen N Lyon
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Contributed equally to this work with: Helen N Lyon, Valur Emilsson, Anke Hinney, Iris M Heid, Jessica Lasky-Su, Xiaofeng Zhu
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: helen.lyon@childrens.harvard.edu
Affiliations Program in Genomics, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts , Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts , Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Valur Emilsson
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Contributed equally to this work with: Helen N Lyon, Valur Emilsson, Anke Hinney, Iris M Heid, Jessica Lasky-Su, Xiaofeng Zhu
Affiliation deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Anke Hinney
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Contributed equally to this work with: Helen N Lyon, Valur Emilsson, Anke Hinney, Iris M Heid, Jessica Lasky-Su, Xiaofeng Zhu
Affiliation Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rheinische Kliniken Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Iris M Heid
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Contributed equally to this work with: Helen N Lyon, Valur Emilsson, Anke Hinney, Iris M Heid, Jessica Lasky-Su, Xiaofeng Zhu
Affiliations Institute of Epidemiology, GSF-National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany , Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Jessica Lasky-Su
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Contributed equally to this work with: Helen N Lyon, Valur Emilsson, Anke Hinney, Iris M Heid, Jessica Lasky-Su, Xiaofeng Zhu
Affiliations Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America , State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- Xiaofeng Zhu
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Contributed equally to this work with: Helen N Lyon, Valur Emilsson, Anke Hinney, Iris M Heid, Jessica Lasky-Su, Xiaofeng Zhu
Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Gudmar Thorleifsson
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Affiliation deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Steinunn Gunnarsdottir
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Affiliation deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- G. Bragi Walters
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Affiliation deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
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Affiliation deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Augustine Kong
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Affiliation deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Jeffrey Gulcher
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Affiliation deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Thuy Trang Nguyen
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Affiliations Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany , Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- André Scherag
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Affiliations Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany , Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Arne Pfeufer
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Affiliations Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany , Institute of Human Genetics, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
- Thomas Meitinger
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Affiliations Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany , Institute of Human Genetics, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
- Günter Brönner
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Affiliation Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rheinische Kliniken Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Winfried Rief
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Affiliations Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany , Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Manuel E Soto-Quiros
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Affiliation Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Hospital Nacional de Niños, San José, Costa Rica
- Lydiana Avila
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Affiliation Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Hospital Nacional de Niños, San José, Costa Rica
- Barbara Klanderman
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Affiliation Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Benjamin A Raby
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Affiliation Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Edwin K Silverman
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Affiliation Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Scott T Weiss
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Affiliation Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Nan Laird
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Affiliation Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Xiao Ding
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Affiliation Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Leif Groop
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Affiliations Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital MAS, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden , Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland , Research Program for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Tiinamaija Tuomi
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Affiliations Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland , Research Program for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland , Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Bo Isomaa
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Affiliation Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Kristina Bengtsson
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Affiliations Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland , Research Program for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Johannah L Butler
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Affiliations Program in Genomics, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts , Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Richard S Cooper
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Affiliation Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
- Caroline S Fox
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Affiliation Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Christopher J O'Donnell
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Affiliation Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Caren Vollmert
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Affiliation Institute of Epidemiology, GSF-National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Juan C Celedón
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Affiliation Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- H. Erich Wichmann
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Affiliations Institute of Epidemiology, GSF-National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany , Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Johannes Hebebrand
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Affiliation Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rheinische Kliniken Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Kari Stefansson
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Affiliation deCODE genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Christoph Lange
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Affiliation Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Joel N Hirschhorn
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Affiliations Program in Genomics, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts , Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts , Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author Contributions
This work represents a broad collaboration among many groups.HNL and JNH produced the original draft, HNL, CL, and JNH performed meta-analyses, JLB conducted genotyping and data management. VE, GT, and AK performed analysis of data from Iceland cohort; the cohort is directed by UT, JG, and KS. SG, GBW, and UT conducted genotyping of the Icelandic cohort. IMH performed analysis of data from the KORA cohort. The KORA group consists of HEW, and his coworkers, who are responsible for the design and conduct of the KORA studies. The cohort is directed by HEW; CV conducted genotyping. AH and GB performed analysis of data from the Essen cohort; the cohort is directed by JH. TM supervised genotyping for the Essen and KORA cohorts. JL-S, BAR, NL, XD and CL performed analysis of data from the CAMP cohort. BAR conducted the CAMP genotyping; the cohort is directed by STW. JL-S and CL performed analysis of data from Costa Rica cohort; the cohort is directed by JCC. HNL and JNH performed analysis of data from the FHS cohort, with collaboration from CSF and CJO. HNL and JNH performed analysis of data from the Maywood cohort; the cohort is directed by XZ and RSC. HNL and JNH performed analysis of data from the Scandanavia cohort; the cohort is directed by LG. All authors provided text and interpretation.