About the Authors

David M. Evans

Contributed equally to this work with: David M. Evans, Marie Jo A. Brion

dave.evans@bristol.ac.uk

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Marie Jo A. Brion

Contributed equally to this work with: David M. Evans, Marie Jo A. Brion

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, Broad Institute at MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

Lavinia Paternoster

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

John P. Kemp

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

George McMahon

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Marcus Munafò

Affiliation UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

John B. Whitfield

Affiliation QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia

Sarah E. Medland

Affiliation QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia

Grant W. Montgomery

Affiliation QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia

The GIANT consortium

Membership of the GIANT consortium, the CRP consortium, and the TAG Consortium is provided in the Supporting Information.

The CRP consortium

Membership of the GIANT consortium, the CRP consortium, and the TAG Consortium is provided in the Supporting Information.

The TAG Consortium

Membership of the GIANT consortium, the CRP consortium, and the TAG Consortium is provided in the Supporting Information.

Nicholas J. Timpson

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Beate St. Pourcain

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Debbie A. Lawlor

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Nicholas G. Martin

Affiliation QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia

Abbas Dehghan

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Joel Hirschhorn

Affiliations Broad Institute at MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Division of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

George Davey Smith

Affiliations MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: DME MJAB JH GDS. Performed the experiments: DME MJAB. Analyzed the data: DME MJAB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JPK GM NJT BSP JBW SEM GWM NGM. Wrote the paper: DME MJAB LP MM DAL AD JH GDS.