About the Authors

Tim F Cooper

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: tcooper@central.uh.edu

Affiliation Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America

Susanna K Remold

Affiliation Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America

Richard E Lenski

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America

Dominique Schneider

Affiliations Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-organismes, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, Grenoble, France , CNRS UMR 5163, Grenoble, France

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

TFC, SKR, REL, and DS conceived and designed the experiments and wrote the paper. TFC and DS performed the experiments. TFC, SKR, and REL analyzed the data. DS contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools.