Competition for Antigen between Th1 and Th2 Responses Determines the Timing of the Immune Response Switch during Mycobaterium avium Subspecies paratuberulosis Infection in Ruminants

Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Gesham Magombedze ,

* E-mail: gmagombedze@nimbios.org; gmagombedze@gmail.com

Affiliation National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennesse, United States of America
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Shigetoshi Eda,

Affiliation Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennesse, United States of America
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Vitaly V. Ganusov

Affiliations National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennesse, United States of America, Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennesse, United States of America, Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennesse, United States of America
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Reader Comments

Yes, antibiotics can alter the Th1/Th2 dynamics. The observed immune kinetics were without antibiotics.

No competing interests declared.

Macrophages
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Immune response
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T helper cells
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Cell differentiation
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Antibody response
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Cytokines
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