About the Authors

Maryna Kapustina

Contributed equally to this work with: Maryna Kapustina, Denis Tsygankov, Jia Zhao

mkapust@med.unc.edu (MK); wangq@mailbox.sc.edu (QW); Kenneth_Jacobson@med.unc.edu (KJ); forest@unc.edu (MGF)

Affiliation Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Denis Tsygankov

Contributed equally to this work with: Maryna Kapustina, Denis Tsygankov, Jia Zhao

Affiliations Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Jia Zhao

Contributed equally to this work with: Maryna Kapustina, Denis Tsygankov, Jia Zhao

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America

Timothy Wessler

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Xiaofeng Yang

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America

Alex Chen

Current address: Risk Analytics Laboratory, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, New York, United States of America

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Nathan Roach

Current address: Department of Biology; Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology and Biophysics; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America,

Affiliation Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Timothy C. Elston

Affiliation Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Qi Wang

mkapust@med.unc.edu (MK); wangq@mailbox.sc.edu (QW); Kenneth_Jacobson@med.unc.edu (KJ); forest@unc.edu (MGF)

‡ QW, KJ, and MGF also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliation Department of Mathematics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America

Ken Jacobson

mkapust@med.unc.edu (MK); wangq@mailbox.sc.edu (QW); Kenneth_Jacobson@med.unc.edu (KJ); forest@unc.edu (MGF)

‡ QW, KJ, and MGF also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

M. Gregory Forest

mkapust@med.unc.edu (MK); wangq@mailbox.sc.edu (QW); Kenneth_Jacobson@med.unc.edu (KJ); forest@unc.edu (MGF)

‡ QW, KJ, and MGF also contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America, Departments of Applied Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MK DT QW KJ MGF TCE. Performed the experiments: JZ TW AC XY DT MK. Analyzed the data: JZ NR TW AC MK. Wrote the paper: KJ MK MGF DT QW.