About the Authors

Joon-Young Moon

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

UnCheol Lee

uclee@med.umich.edu

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Stefanie Blain-Moraes

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

George A. Mashour

Affiliation Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Consciousness Science and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America

Competing Interests

UL and GAM hold a patent (pending) through the University of Michigan on directed functional connectivity as a method of assessing consciousness (Application No.: 13/804,706, Filed March 14, 2013, "System and Method to Assess Causal Signaling in the Brain during States of Consciousness").

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JYM UL GAM. Performed the experiments: SBM GAM. Analyzed the data: JYM UL. Wrote the paper: JYM UL GAM SBM.