Evaluation of Excess Significance Bias in Animal Studies of Neurological Diseases

• Konstantinos K. Tsilidis ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Konstantinos K. Tsilidis, Orestis A. Panagiotou

  Affiliation Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece

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• Orestis A. Panagiotou ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Konstantinos K. Tsilidis, Orestis A. Panagiotou

  Affiliation Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece

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• Emily S. Sena,

  Affiliations Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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• Eleni Aretouli,

  Affiliations Department of Methods and Experimental Psychology, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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• Evangelos Evangelou,

  Affiliation Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece

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• David W. Howells,

  Affiliation The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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• Rustam Al-Shahi Salman,

  Affiliation Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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• Malcolm R. Macleod,

  Affiliation Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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• John P. A. Ioannidis

  * E-mail: jioannid@stanford.edu

  Affiliation Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, and Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, and Department of Statistics, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, California, United States of America

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