About the Authors

Pingzhao Hu

Contributed equally to this work with: Pingzhao Hu, Sarath Chandra Janga, Mohan Babu, J. Javier Díaz-Mejía, Gareth Butland

Affiliation Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Sarath Chandra Janga

Contributed equally to this work with: Pingzhao Hu, Sarath Chandra Janga, Mohan Babu, J. Javier Díaz-Mejía, Gareth Butland

Affiliations Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada , Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Mohan Babu

Contributed equally to this work with: Pingzhao Hu, Sarath Chandra Janga, Mohan Babu, J. Javier Díaz-Mejía, Gareth Butland

Affiliation Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

J. Javier Díaz-Mejía

Contributed equally to this work with: Pingzhao Hu, Sarath Chandra Janga, Mohan Babu, J. Javier Díaz-Mejía, Gareth Butland

Affiliations Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada , Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Gareth Butland

Contributed equally to this work with: Pingzhao Hu, Sarath Chandra Janga, Mohan Babu, J. Javier Díaz-Mejía, Gareth Butland

¤ Current address: Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America

Affiliation Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Wenhong Yang

Affiliation Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Oxana Pogoutse

Affiliation Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Xinghua Guo

Affiliation Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Sadhna Phanse

Affiliation Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Peter Wong

Affiliation Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Shamanta Chandran

Affiliation Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Constantine Christopoulos

Affiliation Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Anaies Nazarians-Armavil

Affiliation Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Negin Karimi Nasseri

Affiliation Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Gabriel Musso

Affiliation Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Mehrab Ali

Affiliation Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Nazila Nazemof

Affiliation Department of Biology and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada

Veronika Eroukova

Affiliation Department of Biology and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada

Ashkan Golshani

Affiliation Department of Biology and Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada

Alberto Paccanaro

Affiliation Department of Computer Science, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, United Kingdom

Jack F Greenblatt

Affiliation Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Gabriel Moreno-Hagelsieb

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: gmoreno@wlu.ca (GM-H); andrew.emili@utoronto.ca (AE)

Affiliation Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Andrew Emili

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: gmoreno@wlu.ca (GM-H); andrew.emili@utoronto.ca (AE)

Affiliation Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

GM-H and AE conceived and designed the experiments. PH, SCJ, MB, JJDM, GB, WY, OP, XG, PW, SC, CC, AN-A, NKK, GM, MA, NN, VE, AG, AP, and GM-H performed the experiments. PH, SCJ, MB, JJDM, GB, SP, and GM-H analyzed the data. JFG provided critical suggestions and data interpretations. PH, SCJ, MB, JJDM, GB, JFG, GM-H, and AE wrote the paper.