About the Authors

Sheri L Simmons

Contributed equally to this work with: Sheri L Simmons, Genevieve DiBartolo

Affiliation Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America

Genevieve DiBartolo

Contributed equally to this work with: Sheri L Simmons, Genevieve DiBartolo

Affiliation Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America

Vincent J Denef

Affiliation Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America

Daniela S. Aliaga Goltsman

Affiliation Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America

Michael P Thelen

Affiliation Chemistry Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America

Jillian F Banfield

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jbanfield@berkeley.edu

Affiliation Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

SLS and JFB conceived and designed the experiments. SLS, GD, VJD, and JFB performed the experiments. SLS, GD, VJD, DSAG, and JFB analyzed the data. MPT contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools. SLS, VJD, and JFB wrote the paper.