About the Authors

Manfred Thiel

Affiliations Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, Clinic of Anaesthesiology, University of Munich, Germany

Alexander Chouker

Affiliations Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, Clinic of Anaesthesiology, University of Munich, Germany

Akio Ohta

Affiliations Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Edward Jackson

Affiliation Pharmacology/Medicine Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Charles Caldwell

Affiliation Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Patrick Smith

Affiliation Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Dmitry Lukashev

Affiliations Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Iris Bittmann

Affiliation Pathology, Klinikum Grosshadern, University of Munich, Germany

Michail V Sitkovsky

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: m.sitkovsky@neu.edu

Affiliations Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

MT and MVS conceived and designed the experiments. MT, AC, AO, EJ, CC, and PS performed the experiments. DL and IB analyzed the data. MT and MVS wrote the paper.