About the Authors

Shu-Jin Luo

Contributed equally to this work with: Shu-Jin Luo, Jae-Heup Kim, Stephen J O'Brien

Affiliations Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America, Conservation Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

Jae-Heup Kim

Contributed equally to this work with: Shu-Jin Luo, Jae-Heup Kim, Stephen J O'Brien

Current address: Biochip Project Team, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, Korea

Affiliation Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

Warren E Johnson

Affiliation Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

Joelle van der Walt

Current address: Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Affiliation Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

Janice Martenson

Affiliation Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

Naoya Yuhki

Affiliation Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

Dale G Miquelle

Affiliation Wildlife Conservation Society, Russian Far East Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America

Olga Uphyrkina

Current address: Evolutionary Zoology and Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia

Affiliation Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

John M Goodrich

Affiliation Wildlife Conservation Society, Hornocker Wildlife Institute, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America

Howard B Quigley

Affiliations Wildlife Conservation Society, Russian Far East Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America, Wildlife Conservation Society, Hornocker Wildlife Institute, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America

Ronald Tilson

Affiliation Minnesota Zoo, Apple Valley, Minnesota, United States of America

Gerald Brady

Affiliation Potter Park Zoo, Lansing, Michigan, United States of America

Paolo Martelli

Affiliation Singapore Zoological Gardens, Singapore

Vellayan Subramaniam

Affiliation Zoo Negara, Hulu Kelang, Selangor, Malaysia

Charles McDougal

Affiliation Tiger Tops, Kathmandu, Nepal

Sun Hean

Affiliation International Cooperation Office, Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Shi-Qiang Huang

Affiliation Beijing Zoo, Beijing, China

Wenshi Pan

Affiliation College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China

Ullas K Karanth

Affiliation Wildlife Conservation Society—India Program, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Melvin Sunquist

Affiliation Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America

James L. D Smith

Affiliation Conservation Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America

Stephen J O'Brien

Contributed equally to this work with: Shu-Jin Luo, Jae-Heup Kim, Stephen J O'Brien

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: obrien@ncifcrf.gov

Affiliation Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no conflicts of interests exist.

Author Contributions

SJL, JHK, WEJ, JV, NY, and SJOB conceived and designed the experiments. SJL, JHK, JV, JM, and OU performed the experiments. SJL, JHK, and WEJ analyzed the data. SJL, WEJ, JM, NY, DM, OU, JMG, HBQ, RT, GB, PM, VS, CM, SH, SQH, WP, UKK, MS, JLDS, and SJOB contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools. SJL, JHK, WEJ, and SJOB wrote the paper.