About the Authors

Benjamin B Kaufmann

Contributed equally to this work with: Benjamin B Kaufmann, Qiong Yang

Affiliations Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America , Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Qiong Yang

Contributed equally to this work with: Benjamin B Kaufmann, Qiong Yang

Affiliation Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jerome T Mettetal

Affiliation Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Alexander van Oudenaarden

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: avano@mit.edu

Affiliation Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

AvO conceived and designed the experiments. BBK and QY performed the experiments. BBK, QY, and JTM analyzed the data. All authors wrote the paper.