About the Authors

Yohey Terai

Affiliation Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan

Ole Seehausen

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ole.seehausen@aqua.unibe.ch (OS); nokada@bio.titech.ac.jp (NO)

Affiliations Department of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland , EAWAG Ecology Center, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland

Takeshi Sasaki

Affiliation Division of Speciation, National Institute of Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan

Kazuhiko Takahashi

Affiliation Division of Speciation, National Institute of Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan

Shinji Mizoiri

Affiliation Division of Speciation, National Institute of Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan

Tohru Sugawara

Affiliation Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan

Tetsu Sato

Affiliation Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan

Masakatsu Watanabe

Affiliation Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan

Nellie Konijnendijk

Affiliation Department of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Hillary D. J Mrosso

Affiliation Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, Mwanza Fisheries Research Center, Mwanza, Tanzania

Hidenori Tachida

Affiliation Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

Hiroo Imai

Affiliations Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan , Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kyoto, Japan

Yoshinori Shichida

Affiliations Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan , Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kyoto, Japan

Norihiro Okada

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ole.seehausen@aqua.unibe.ch (OS); nokada@bio.titech.ac.jp (NO)

Affiliations Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan , Division of Speciation, National Institute of Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Y. Terai was responsible for most of the laboratory work, data analysis, designing experiments, and writing. O. Seehausen was responsible for study conception, collection of most fish samples and ecological data, identification of all fish samples, data analysis, designing experiments, and writing. T. Sasaki was responsible for the determination of LWS sequences of N. rufocaudalis. K. Takahashi contributed the collection of N. greenwoodi at Namatembi and M. mbipi at Makobe and determination of LWS sequences of N. rufocaudalis. S. Mizoiri contributed the collection of N. greenwoodi at Namatembi and M. mbipi at Makobe. T. Sugawara provided development of the method for measurement of absorbance of reconstituted LWS pigments with Y. Terai. T. Sato assisted with collection of N. greenwoodi at Namatembi and M. mbipi at Makobe. M. Watanabe contributed the construction of a BAC library. N. Konijnendijk provided collection of M. mbipi at Python and Hippo islands; HDJ Mrosso performed collection of M. mbipi at Python and Hippo islands. H. Tachida supervised the population genetic analyses. H. Imai developed the method for measurement of absorbance of reconstituted LWS pigments with Y. Terai. Y. Shichida supervised measurement of absorbance of reconstituted opsin pigments. N. Okada provided study conception, supervision, and writing.