About the Authors

Richard S Ostfeld

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rostfeld@ecostudies.org

Affiliation Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, United States of America

Charles D Canham

Affiliation Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, United States of America

Kelly Oggenfuss

Affiliation Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, United States of America

Raymond J Winchcombe

Affiliation Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, United States of America

Felicia Keesing

Affiliations Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, United States of America , Department of Biology, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

RSO conceived and designed the experiments. KO and RJW performed the experiments. RSO, CDC, and FK analyzed the data. CDC contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools. RSO and CDC wrote the paper.