About the Authors

Stephanie Bedhomme

Affiliation Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Philip Agnew

Affiliation Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, Montpellier, France

Yuri Vital

Affiliation Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, Montpellier, France

Christine Sidobre

Affiliation Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, Montpellier, France

Yannis Michalakis

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Yannis.Michalakis@mpl.ird.fr

Affiliation Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, Montpellier, France

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

SB, PA, and YM conceived and designed the experiments. SB, PA, YV, and CS performed the experiments. SB, PA, and YM analyzed the data. SB, PA, and YM wrote the paper.